Economy Without State: Accumulation & Survival in Somalia

activities Afmadow Africa animals annual areas Bank border region camel cattle central changes Chapter clan collapse costs cross-border trade decline depended discussed District drought earlier early economy effects especially estimated Ethiopia example exchange export faction forces Garissa global grazing groups Harti herders herds important increased institutions involved Jubba Jubba Valley Kenya Kismayo late least less levels livestock Lower Jubba major merchants middlemen Mogadishu Mohamed months moved movements Nairobi noted official Ogadeen operate overseas past pastoral pastoralists percent period points political population production purchase rates recent relations relatively remain Report result risks River season sector shilling shows social Somaliland southern Somalia sub-clan supply Table town transport United urban usually