Economy Without State: Accumulation & Survival in SomaliaJames Currey, 2003 - 224 pages |
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Page 42
... exchange at least 50 percent of their foreign exchange earnings at the ' official ' exchange rate . In March 1988 the official exchange rate was SoSh 99 = US $ 1 , while the real market rate was SoSh 220 = US $ 1 and losing value at ...
... exchange at least 50 percent of their foreign exchange earnings at the ' official ' exchange rate . In March 1988 the official exchange rate was SoSh 99 = US $ 1 , while the real market rate was SoSh 220 = US $ 1 and losing value at ...
Page 94
... exchange bureaus and informal communication exchanges ( telephone , fax , and internet ) 12 that facilitate the movement of goods and money throughout the region and beyond ( see discussion in Chapter 6 ) . Brightly painted pictures of ...
... exchange bureaus and informal communication exchanges ( telephone , fax , and internet ) 12 that facilitate the movement of goods and money throughout the region and beyond ( see discussion in Chapter 6 ) . Brightly painted pictures of ...
Page 141
... exchange rates , Somalia1 Somali shillings per US $ 2 19 ( 10-31 ) 68 ( 57-79 ) 110 ( 90-140 ) 1987 180 ( 140-220 ) ... exchange rate to close the gap between the official and black market rates . For 1986 and subsequent years , I report ...
... exchange rates , Somalia1 Somali shillings per US $ 2 19 ( 10-31 ) 68 ( 57-79 ) 110 ( 90-140 ) 1987 180 ( 140-220 ) ... exchange rate to close the gap between the official and black market rates . For 1986 and subsequent years , I report ...
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Absame activities Afmadow Ahmed animals annual Aulihan author's field notes Baidoa Barre Besteman border region brokers camel cattle cattle trade Chapter conflict costs cross-border trade Development Dinsoor drought dry season earlier Ethiopia export trade faction Food Security FSAU Garissa District global government's collapse grazing groups Harti herders herds Horn of Africa important Jamaame Jubba River Jubba Valley Kenya Kenyan markets Kismayo town livestock livestock exports livestock trade Lower Jubba Region major Marehan Menkhaus merchants middlemen militia milk mobility Mogadishu Mohamed Zubeyr Mombasa moved Nairobi nomadic Ogadeen overseas export pastoral pastoralists percent political population Puntland purchase recent refugee remittances rural Samatar Saudi sector segmentary Siad Barre social Somali borderlands Somali economy Somali herders Somali shilling Somaliland SoSh southern Somalia stateless trader interview trans-border transport UNDP UNOSOM urban warlords water points