that increase the quantity of carbon stored in agricultural soils. Such actions would also potentially provide a number of other benefits including better runoff and erosion control, improved habitat, and many others. Studies suggest that these sinks could technically offset a significant amount for U.S. GHG emissions—for example, under question 1 it was estimated that reforestation of 1 million acres sequesters roughly 40 million tons of carbon in standing biomass over perhaps 50 years, or roughly 0.8 million tons per million acres per year. This amount, 0.8 million tons per year, can be compared to current U.S. emissions of 1,500 million metric tons per year. Planting about 19 million acres, then, would offset about 1 percent of U.S. emissions, or 15 million tons of carbon per year during the growth of these trees. The Congressional Office of Technology Assessment estimated potential reductions in 2015 (estimated in 1990 and based on 1987 U.S. emissions) of 0.2 to 6.3 percent of U.S. carbon emissions (not including use as a fossil fuel offset). Economic analysis of such possibilities is limited and requires further research.

On the geological and oceanic side, various estimates have been made of the sequestration potential in depleted oil and gas wells, deep saline aquifers with and without structural traps, and the ocean, as indicated above. Estimates of the global sequestration potential run as high as 100-500 billion tons of carbon in depleted oil and gas reservoirs; 100-1000 billion tons in deep saline aquifers, and 1000 to 10,000 billion tons in the ocean; practical potentials will be much less. This can be compared to global carbon emissions of roughly 5-6 billion tons per year and to U.S. carbon emissions of 1.4 billion tons per year. Without further research into the practical carbon sequestration capacity of these biological, geological, or oceanic processes; their structural integrity and/or lifetime for storage of the carbon; the location of the potential sequestering reservoir (versus the location of the carbon which one wants to sequester), and the costs of sequestration, the actual potential and costs are speculative at this time.

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Hearing

on

The Road from Kyoto Part 2:

Kyoto and the Administration's Fiscal Year 1999 Budget Request

Thursday, February 12, 1998

Post-Hearing Questions
Submitted to

The Honorable Ernest J. Moniz
Under Secretary of Energy
U.S.Department of Energy

Post-Hearing Questions Submitted by Chairman Sensenbrenner

"Enhanced Energy R&D Investments Provided for in DOE's FY 1999 Budget Request Will Indeed Result in Lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions"

Q1.

Al.

On page 1 of your testimony, you state that "The enhanced energy R&D investments provided for in DOE's FY 1999 budget request will indeed result in lower greenhouse gas emissions"

Please provide documentation of the lower greenhouse gas emissions that will result from these "enhanced energy R&D investments provided for in DOE's FY 1999 budget request.”

Attached are pages 309-310 of the President's FY 1999 budget request for Interior Appropriations.
These tables provide project energy, economic and environmental savings from the Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs in Transportation, Industry and Buildings and
the Federal Energy Management Program.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Energy Efficiency Programs (Cont'd)

The following overview summarizes the program's projected benefits, sector activities, cross-cutting programs, and regional support
office responsibilities. Each sector description provides information on new activities for FY 1999, projects to be discontinued or
completed in FY 1998 and FY 1999, and ongoing programs.

EERE PROGRAM BENEFITS

EERE's research, development and deployment of energy technologies have led to billions of dollars in energy cost savings over the
past decade. Over the next 25 years, there will be significant additional benefits associated with each sector's programs, including
increased energy efficiency, and associated cost savings and emissions reductions.

Projected energy, economic, and environmental savings are presented in the following table. Total Primary Energy Displaced refers to
the amount of conventional, fossil, or electric energy directly displaced through energy efficiency improvements. One quadrillion BTUs
has the energy equivalent of 172 million barrels of oil. Energy Cost Savings represents the annual dollar savings that consumers will
realize through reduced energy consumption. Finally, the carbon figures represent the amount of carbon equivalent emissions that will
be avoided due to reduced energy consumption. EERE uses carbon reductions because in many applications they serve as a useful
measure and surrogate for a wide variety of energy-related pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO), sulfur
oxides (SO), particulates, and in some cases, heavy metals.

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Energy Efficiency Programs Projected Annual Benefits by Sector through the Year 2020

1997 R&D 100 Awards

Q2.

On page 1 of your testimony, you also state that “The success of this system over many years, and its importance to American society in the future, is highlighted by the prestigious 1997 R&D 100 Awards, no fewer than 36 of which went to DOE supported work."

Q2.1

A2.1

Please provide a listing and description of each of these 36 1997 R&D 100 Awards.

Described below are the Department's 36 1997 R&D 100 Awards:

1. Alloys for improved permanent magnets that could be used in more energy efficient motors (Ames Laboratory, Idaho National Environmental Engineering Laboratory)

2. An electrophoresis DNA sequencer that decodes genetic information more than 20 times faster than current machines, making it cheaper and faster to do research (Ames Laboratory)

3. A process to convert corn into a cost-effective, environmentally friendly source of chemicals that can be used to make industrial products including polymers, paints, inks and clothing fibers (Argonne National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

4. A mass spectrometer/analyzer that makes it possible to markedly improve materials' properties and manufacturing processes in the semiconductor and electronic industries (Argonne National Laboratory)

5.

A significantly improved fluorescence detector for biological research that can characterize up to 50,000 photons per second (Brookhaven National Laboratory)

6. A device that will enable investigators to measure underground water movement more accurately and deeper than ever before (Idaho National Environmental Engineering Laboratory)

7. A diagnostic method for in-field analysis of degrading concrete that can identify problems in roads and bridges before extensive repairs become the only remediation option (Los Alamos National Laboratory)

8. Improved software to model large oil and gas reservoirs that cannot be modeled with present-day simulators and thus greatly enhance oil and gas recovery (Los Alamos National Laboratory)

9. A fast and environmentally friendly dry-cleaning process that can replace existing hazardous processes (Los Alamos National Laboratory)

10.

A plasma source ion implantation process that makes metallic parts used in automobiles, airplanes, machine tools and prosthetic devices more durable without