Climate Change Impacts on Forests

Norby, R.J., E.G. O'Neill, and RJ. Luxmoore, 1986. Effects of atmospheric CO, enrichment on the growth and mineral nutrition of Quercus alba seedlings in nutrient-poor soil. Plant Physiology, 82, 83-89. Norby, RJ, C.A. Gunderson, S.D Wullschleger, E.G. O'Neill, and M.K. McCracken, 1992: Productivity and compensatory responses of yellowpoplar trees in elevated CO,. Nature (London). 357, 322-324. Norton, BG. and R.E. Ulanowicz. 1992: Scale and biodiversity policy, a hier archical approach. Amhio, 21, 244-249.

O'Brien, S.T., B.P. Hayden, and H.H. Shugart, 1992: Global climatic change.
hurricanes, and a tropical forest. Climatic Change, 22, 1750-1790.
Odum. E.P. 1971: Fundamentals of Ecology W.B. Saunders Comp..
Philadelphia a.o., 3rd, ed., 574 pp.

Oechel, W.C., S.J. Hastings, G. Vourlitis, M. Jenkins, G. Riechers, and N
Grulke, 1993: Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a new car-
bon dioxide sink to a source. Nature (London). 361, 520-523.
Olson, J.S. J.A. Watts, and L.J. Allison. 1983: Carbon in Live Vegetation of
Major World Ecosystems. Report ORNL-5862. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, and Springfield, VA. 152 pp

Overdieck, D., C. Reid, and B.R. Strain, 1988: The effects of pre-industrial and future CO, concentrations on growth, dry matter production and the C/N relationship in plants at low nutrient supply. Angewandte Botanik. 62, 119-134.

Pastor, J. and W.M. Post, 1988: Response of northern forests to CO-induced climate change. Nature (London), 334(6177), 55-58.

Pastor, J. and DJ. Mladenoff, 1992: The southern borcal-northern hardwood forest border. In. A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest Shugart, H.H.. k. Leemans, and G.B. Bonan (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge a.0., pp. 216-240,

Pastor, J. and WM. Post, 1993: Linear regressions do not predict the transient responses of Eastern North American forests to CO-induced climate change. Climatic Change, 23, 111-119.

Payette, S. and R. Gagnon, 1985; Late Holocene deforestation and tree regeneration in the forest-tundra of Québec. Nature (London), 313, 570-572. Payette. S. L. Filion, A. Delwaide, and C. Bégin. 1989a: Reconstruction of tree-line vegetation response to long-term climate change. Nature (London), 341, 429-432.

Payette, S., C. Morneau, L. Sirois, and M. Desponts, 1989b: Recent fire history of the northern Quebec biomes. Ecology, 70, 656-673. Payette, S., 1992: Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest. In: A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest [Shugart, H.H.. R. Leemans, and G.B. Bonan (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge a... pp. 144-169.

Perry, D.A., R. Molina, and M.P. Amaranthus, 1987: Mycor hizac, mycorrhizospheres, and reforestation current knowledge and research needs Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 929-940.

Perry, D.A. J.G. Borchers, S.L Borchers, and M.P. Amaranthus. 1990: Species migrations and ecosystem stability during climate change: the below ground connection. Conservation Biology, 4, 266-274. Peters, R.L. and J.D.S. Darling. 1985: The greenhouse effect and nature reserves global warming would diminish biological diversity by causing extinctions among reserve species. Bioscience, 35(11), 707-717. Peters, R.L... 1992: Conservation of biological diversity in the face of climate change. In Global Warming and Biological Diversity [Peters, R.L. and TE Lovejoy (eds.)]. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT, and London, UK, pp. 59-71.

Peters, R.L. and T. Lovejoy (eds.), 1992: Global Warming and Biolog.ænd

Diversity. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, and London, UK, 386 pp. Peterson, BJJ. and J.M. Melillo. 1985: The potential storage of carbon caused by eutrophication of the biosphere. Tellus, 37B, 117-127. Pigott. C.D. and J.P. Huntley, 1981: Factors controlling the distribution of Tilia

cordata at the northern limits of its geographical range. III. Nature and causes of seed sterility. New Phytologist, 87, 817-839. Pimm, S.L.. G.J. Russell, J.L. Gittleman, and T.M. Brooks, 1995: The future of biodiversity. Science, 269, 347-350.

Plöchl, M. and W.P. Cramer, 1995: Coupling global models of vegetation structure and ecosystem processes-an example from Arctic and Boreal ecosystems. Tellus, 47B(1/2), 240-250.

Post, W.M., W.R. Emanuel, P.J. Zinke, and A.G. Strangenberger, 1982: Soil carbon pools and world life zones. Nature (London), 298, 156-159

127

Post, WM.. J. Pastor, A.W King, and W.R. Emanuel, 1992: Aspects of the interaction between vegctation and soil under global change. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 64(1/2), 345-363.

Postel. S.. 1994; Carrying capacity: earth's bottom line. In: State of the World 1994-A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress toward a Sustainable Society [Starke, L. (ed.). WW Norton & Co., New York, NY, and London, UK. pp. 3-21.

Prentice. I.C., PJ. Bartlein, and T. Webb III. 1991a: Vegetation and climate changes in eastern North America since the last glacial maximum. Ecology. 72. 2038-2056.

Prentice. I.C., MT. Sykes, and W.P. Cramer. 1991h: The possible dynamic response of northern forests to global warming. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 1, 129-135.

Prentice, I.C.. 1992: Climate change and long-term vegetation dynamics. In: Plant Succession. Theory and Prediction [Glenn-Lewin, D.C. R.K. Peet. and T.T. Veblen (eds.)]. Chapman and Hall, London a.o . pp. 293-339. Prentice, LC, WP. Cramer, S.P. Harrison. R. Leemans. R.A. Monserud, and AM. Solomon. 1992: A global biome model hased on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. Journal of Biogeography, 19. 117-134.

Prentice. I C., MT. Sykes, and WP. Cramer, 1993: A simulation model for the transient effects of climate change on forest landscapes Ecological Modelling. 65. 51-70.

Prentice. C., M.T. Sykes, M. Lautenschlager. SP. Harrison, O. Demissenko, and P.J. Bartlein, 1994: Modelling global vegetation patterns and terrestrial carbon storage at the last glacial maximum Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 3, 67-76.

Prentice. I.C and M.T. Sykes, 1995. Vegetation geography and global carbon storage changes. In Biospheric Feedbacks in the Global Climate System-Will the Warming Feed the Warming" [Woodwell, G.M. and FT. Mackenzie (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, and Oxford, UK. pp. 304-312.

Raich. J. W., E.B. Rastetter, J.M. Melillo, D.W. Kicklighter. P.A. Steudler. BJ Peterson, A. L. Grace, B. Moore III, and C.J. Vörösmarty. 1991: Potential net primary production in South America: application of a global model Ecological Applications, 1(4), 399–429.

Raich. J.W. and W.H. Schlesinger. 1992: The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus. 4B. 81-9,

Rastetter. E.B.. R.B. McKane, G.R. Shaver, and J.M. Melillo, 1992: Changes in C storage by terrestrial ecosystems: how C-N interactions restrict response to CO, and temperature. Water, Air and Sod Pollution, 9. 327-344

Raven. PH. 1988: Our diminishing tropical forests. In. Biodiversity [Wilson. E.O. (ed.)] National Academy Press, Washington, DC. pp. 119-122. Reichle. D.E. (ed.). 1981: Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge a.o.. 68.3 pp

Reid, W. V., 1992. How many species will there be? In: Tropical Deforestation and Species Extinction [Whitmore, T.C. and J.A. Sayer (eds.)]. Chapman

& Hall, London a.o.. pp. 55-73.

Richards. J.F. and E. P. Flint, 1994: A century of land use change in South and

Southeast Asia. In Effects of Land Use Change on Atmospheric CO,
Concentrations. Southeast Asia as a Case Study [Dale, V. (ed.)]. Springer
Verlag. New York a.o., pp. 15-66.

Richards FW. 1966. The Tropical Ram Forest: An Ecological Studs.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 450 pp.

Riede. K.. 1993: Monitoring biodiversity analysis of Amazonian rainforest sounds. Ambio, 22, 546-548.

Rind, D.. R. Goldberg, J Hansen, C. Rosenzweig, and R. Ruedy, 1990. Potential evapotranspiration and the likelihood of future drought Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(7), 9983-10004.

Rind, D., 1995: Drying out. New Scientist, 146(1976), 36-40.
Ritchie, J.C. and G.M. MacDonald, 1986: The patterns of post-glacial spread
of white spruce. Journal of Biogeography, 13, 527-540.
Ritchie. J.C., 1987: Postglacial Vegetation of Canada. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge a... 178 pp.

Rizzo, B. and E. Wiken, 1992: Assessing the sensitivity of Canada's ecosys tems to climatic change. Climatic Change, 21. 37-55.

Roberts. L., 1989: How fast can trees migrate? Science, 243, 735-737

128

Rogers, H.H., J.F. Thomas, and G.E. Bingham, 1983: Response of agronomic and forest species to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science, 220, 428-429

Romme, W.H., 1991: Implications of global climate change for biogeographic patterns in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Conservation Biology, 5(3), 373-386

Rosenzweig. M.L., 1968: Net primary productivity of terrestrial communities, prediction from climatological data. American Naturalist, 102, 67-74, Running. S. W., and R.R. Nemani, 1991: Regional hydrologic and carbon balance responses of forests resulting from potential climatic change. Climatic Change, 19, 342-368,

Salati, E., A. Dall'Olio, E. Matsui, and J.R. Gat, 1979: Recycling of water in the Amazon Basin: an isotopic study. Water Resources Research, 15, 1250-1258

Salati, E. and P.B. Jose, 1984: Amazon Basın: a system in equilibriani. Science, 225, 129-138.

Schimel, D., IG. Enting, M. Heimann, T.M.L. Wigley, D. Raynaud, D. Alves, and U. Siegenthaler, 1995; CO, and the carbon cycle. In: Climate Change 1994-Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC 1992 IS92 Emission Scenarios [Houghton, J.T. L.G. Meira-Filho, J. Bruce, X. Y. Hoesung Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K. Maskeli (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 35-71. Sedjo, R.A., 1993 The carbon cycle and global forest ecosystem. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 70, 295-307.

Sharma, N.P., R. Rowe, K. Openshaw, and M. Jacobson, 1992 World forests
in perspective In: Managing the World's Forests: Looking for Balance
Between Conservation and Development [Sharma, NP (ed.)).
Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA, pp. 17 31.

Shaver, G.R., W.D. Billings, F.S. Chapin III, A.E. Giblin, KJ Nadelhoffer.
W.C. Oechel, and EB Rastetter, 1992: Global change and the carbon
balance of arctic ecosystems. Bioscience, 42(6), 433-441.
Shugart, H.H.. 1984: A Theory of Forest Dynamics-The Ecological

Implications of Forest Succession Models, Springer, New York a.o.. 278 pp. Shugart, H.H., M. Y. Antonovsky, P.G. Jarvis, and A.P. Sandford, 1986 CO., climatic change, and forest ecosystems. In The Greenhouse Effect Climatic Change and Ecosystems [Bolin, B., BR. Doos, J. Jäger, and R.A. Warrick (eds.)]. Wiley, Chichester a.o., pp. 475-522. Shugart, H.H., R. Leemans, and G.B. Bonan (eds.), 1992: A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge a.o., 565 pp.

Smith, T.M., R. Leemans, and H.H. Shugart, 1992a: Sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to CO-induced climate change: comparison of four scenarios based on general circulation models. Climate Change, 21, 367-384. Smith, T.M., J.B. Smith, and H H. Shugart. 1992h. Modeling the response of terrestrial vegetation to climate change in the tropics. In. Tropical Forests in Transition-Ecology of Natural und Anthropogenic Disturbance Processes Goldammer. J.G. (ed.)] Birkhäuser Verlag. Basel. Switzerland, and Boston, MA, pp. 253-268.

Smith, T.M. and H.H. Shugart, 1993: The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate. Nature (London), 361, 523-526 Smith, T.M., H.H. Shugart, F.I. Woodward, and P.J. Burton, 1993: Plant functional types. In: Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change [Solomon, A.M. and H. Shugart (eds.)) Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, and London, UK. pp. 272-292.

Smith, T.M., R. Lesmans, and H.H. Shugart, 1994 The Application of Patch

Models of Vegetation Dynamics to Global Change Issues-A Workshop
Summary: Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 22 pp.
Solomon, A.M., D.C. West, and J.A. Solomon, 1981: Simulating the role of
climate change and species immigration in forest succession. In: Forest
Succession: Concepts and Application (West, D.C., H.H. Shugart, and
D.B. Botkin (eds.)]. Springer, New York a.o.. pp. 154-177.
Soloinon, A.M., M.L. Tharp, DC. West, G.E. Taylot, JW Webb, and J.L.

Trimble, 1984: Response of Unmanaged Forests to CO-induced Climate
Change: Available Information, Initial Tests and Data Requirements
DOE/NBB-0053, National Technical Information Service, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA, 93 pp.

Solomon, A.M. and T. Webb III. 1985: Computer-aided reconstruction of latequaternary landscape dynamics. Annual Review of Ecology and

Climate Change Impacts on Forests

Solomon, A.M., 1986: Transient response of forests to CO-induced climate change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America. Oecologia, 68, 567-579.

Solomon, A.M. and D.C. West, 1987: Simulating forest ecosystem responses to expected climate change in eastern North America: applications to decision making in the forest industry. In: The Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, and the U.S. Forests [Shands. W.E. and J.S. Hoffman (eds.)]. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, DC, pp. 189-217. Solomon, A.M., 1988: Ecosystem theory required to identify future forest responses to changing CO, and climate. In: Ecodynamics: Contributions to Theoretical Ecology [Wolff, W., C.-J. Soeder, and F.R. Drepper (eds.)]. Springer, Berlin a.o., pp. 258-274.

Sclomon, A.M., 1992: The nature and distribution of past, present and fiture boreal forests: lessons for a research and modeling agenda. In: A Systems Analysis of the Globel Boreal “crest (Shugart, 11.M., P. Leemans, and G.B. Benan (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge a.o., pp. 291-307, Solomon, A.M. and PJ. Bartlein, 1992: Past and future climate change: response by mixed deciduous-coniferous forest ecosystems in norther Michigan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 22, 1727-1738. Solomon, A.M., I.C. Prentice, R. Leemans, and WP Cramer, 1993: The interaction of climate and land use in future terrestrial carbon storage and release. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 70, 595-614.

Starke, L. (ed.), 1994: State of the World 1994-A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. WW Norton and Company, New York, NY, and London, UK, 265 pp.

Steffen, W.L. B.H. Walker. J.S. Ingram, and G.W. Koch, 1992: Global
Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems: The Operational Plan IGBP,
Stockholm, Sweden. 95 pp.

Stephenson, N.L., 1990: Climatic control of vegetation distribution: the role
of the water balance. American Naturalist, 135(5), 649-670.
Stern, K. and L. Roche, 1974 Genetics of Forest Ecosystems. Springer Verlag.
Berlin, Germany, 330 pp.

Stocks, B.J., 1993: Global warming and forest fires in Canada. The Forestry
Chronicle, 69, 290.

Stork, N.E., 1988: Insect diversity facts, fiction, and speculation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 35, 321-337.

Sundquist, E.T., 1993. The global carbon dioxide budget. Science, 259, 934-941. Tallis, J.H., 1990: Plant Community History-Long Term Changes in Plant Distribution and Diversity Chapman and Hall, London a.o., 398 pp. Tamm, C.O.. 1991. Nitrogen i Terrestrial Ecosystems-Questions of Productivity. Vegetational Changes and Ecosystem Stability. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 115 pp.

Taylor, B.R., D. Parkinson, and WFJ. Parsons, 1989- Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates, a microcosm test Ecology, 70(1), 97-104

Tchebakova, N.M., R.A. Monserud. R. Leemans, and S. Golovanov, 1993: A global vegetation model based on the climatological approach of Budyko. Journal of Biogeography, 20, 129-144. Tchebakova, N.M., R.A. Monserud, and D. Nazimova, 1994; A Siberian veg. etation model hased on climatic parameters. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24, 1597-1607.

Thornley, J.H.M., D. Fowler, and M.G.R. Cannell, 1991: Terrestrial carbon storage resulting from CO, and nitrogen fertilization in temperate grasslands. Plant, Cell and Environment, 14, 1007-1011.

Tolley, L.C. and B.R. Strain, 1985: Effects of CO, enrichment and water stress on gas exchange of Liquidambar styraciflua and Pinus taeda seedlings grown under different irradiance levels. Oecologia, 65, 166-172 Torrii, A., 1991: Past Fagus forest's range shifts caused by global climate change in Honshu area, Japan. In: Transactions of the 102nd Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society. Nikkon Ringakkai. Meguro. Tokyo. Japan, pp. 235-237.

Trexler. M C. and C. Haugen, 1995: Keeping It Green Tropical Forestry Opportunities for Mitigating Climate Change. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA. 52 pp.

UNCED (ed.). 1992: Statement of Forest Principles. Final text of agreements negotiated by governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). 3-14 June 1992. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, United Nations, Department of Public Information, New

Climate Change Impacts on Forests

UNESCO, 1978: Tropical Forest Ecosystems: A State-of-Knowledge Report. UNESCO. UNEP & FAO, Paris, France, 683 pp.

van Cleve, K., R. Barney, and R. Schlentner. 1981: Evidence of temperature control of production and nutrient cycling in two interior Alaska black spruce ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 11, 258-273. van Cleve, K., C.T. Dymess, L.A. Viereck, J. Fox, F.S. Chapin III, and W ̊C. Oeche!, 1983a: Characteristics of targa ecosystems in interior Alaska. Bioscience. 33. 39-44.

van Cleve, K., L. Oliver, R. Schlentner. LA. Viereck, and CT. Dymless, 1983b: Productivity and nutrient cycling in targa forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 13, 747-766

van Cleve. K., W.C. Oechel, and J.L.. Hom. 1990: Response of black spruce (Picea mariana) ecosystems to soil temperature modification in interior Alaska Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20, 1530-1535. van de Geijn. S.C., and J.A. van Veen, 1993: Implications of increased carbon dioxide levels for carbon input and turnover in souls. Vegetatio, 104/105. 283-292.

Viereck, L.A., 1983. The effects of fire in black spruce ecosystems of Alaska and northern Canada. In: The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems Wein, R.W. and D.A. MacLean (eds)]. Wiley, New York. NY. pp 201-220.

Vitousek, P.M. and R.L. Sanford. Jr., 1986; Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 17, 137-467. Vitousek, P.M., 1988: Diversity and biological invasions of oceanic islands. In: Biodiversity (Wilson, E.O. (ed.). National Academy Press. Washington, DC. pp 181-189.

Vitousek, P.M., 1994. Beyond global warming ecology and global change. Ecology, 75(7), 1861-1876.

Volney, WJ.A., 1988: Analysis of historic jack pine budworm outbreaks in the prairie provinces of Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18, 1152-1158

Waring. R.H. and W.H. Schlesinger, 1985: Forest Ecosystems-Concepts and Management Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL. 340 pp.

Watt, A.S., 1947: Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology, 35, 1-22.

Webb III. T. and P.J. Bartlein. 1992: Global changes during the last 3 million years: climatic controls ard biotic responses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23, 141-173.

Webb. S.D. 1995: Biological implications of the middle Miocene Amazon scaway. Science, 269, 361-362.

Westall, J. and W. Stumin, 1980: The hydrosphere. In The Handbook of

Environmental Chemistry Vol.1. The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles (Hutzinger, O. (ed.)] Springer Verlag. New York a.o., pp. 17-49.

129

Wetherald. R.T. and S. Manabe, 1986: An investigation of cloud cover change in response to thermal forcing Climatic Change, 8, 5-23. White, T.C.R.. 1974: A hypothesis to explain outbreaks of looper caterpillars with special reference to population of Selidosema suavis in a plantation of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Oecologia, 16, 279-301. Whitehead. D. J.R. Leathwick, and F.F. Hobbs, 1993: How wil! New Zealand's forests respond to climate change? Potential changes in response to increasing temperature. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 22. 39-53.

Whitmore. T.C., 1974: Change with Time and the Role of Cyclones in Tropical Rainforests on Kolomangara, Solomon Islands Commonwealth Forestry Institute Paper No. 46, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 78 pp. Whitmore. TC, 1984. Tropical Rom Forests of the Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford. UK. 2nd ed., 152 pp.

Wilson, E.O, 1985 The biological diversity crisis a challenge to science Issues in Science and Technology, 2, 20-29.

Wilson. E.O. (ed). 1988. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 521 pp.

Wilson. E.O. 1989. Threats to biodiversity. Scientific American, 261(3), 60-66. Wilson. EO. 1992: The Diversity of Life Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 424 pp

Wilson, KG.. RE. Stinner, and R.L. Rabb, 1982: Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and host plant on larval survival of the Mexican bean beethe Epilachna varivetis Mulsant Environmental Entomology, 11, 121-126. Winjum. J.K, RK. Dixon, and P.E. Schroeder. 1993: Forest management and carbon storage, an analysis of 12 key forest nations. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 70, 239-257.

Woodward, FL., 1987: Climate and Plant Distribution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge a.o.. 174 pp..

Woodwell. G M., 1987: Forests and climate: surprises in store. Oceanus, 29. 71-75

Worrell, R., 1987: Predicting the productivity of Sitka spruce on upland sites in northern Britain. Bulletin Forestry Commission (No. 72), pp. 1-12. Wullschleger, S.D. WM. Post, and A.W King. 1995: On the potential for a CO, fertilization effect in forests estimates of the biotic growth factor, based on 58 controlled-exposure studies. In: Biospheric Feedbacks in the Global Climate System-Will the Warming Feed the Warming? [Woodwell, G.M. and FT. Mackenzie (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, and Oxford, UK. pp. 85-107.

Zuidema. G. G.J. van den Born, J Alcamo, and GJJ. Kreileman, 1994 Determining the potential distribution of vegetation, crops and agricultural productivity. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 76(1/2), 163-198