Appendix I

GAO Administration/Implementation

Fossil Fuels: Lessons Learned in DOE's Clean Coal Technology Program (RCED-94-174)

Program shows that government and private sector can work together to develop new technologies.

Lessons learned include (1) obtaining advance funding, (2) using cooperative agreements, (3) establishing federal cost-sharing limits, (4) obtaining early participation of industry, and (5) establishing a comprehensive process to evaluate and select projects.

GAO

June 1998

United States General Accounting Office

Report to the Ranking Minority Member,
Committee on Commerce, House of
Representatives

CLIMATE CHANGE

Information on the U.S.
Initiative on Joint
Implementation

Increasing emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping
greenhouse gases generated by human activity are believed to contribute
to global climate change. Accordingly, the United States, France, Japan,
and 35 other industrialized nations negotiated an agreement-in Kyoto,
Japan, in December 1997-that would limit their overall greenhouse gas
emissions by 2012.1 Although the details have not yet been worked out, the
nations that are parties to this agreement may be allowed to work with
other nations to achieve emissions reductions in a cost-effective manner.
A concept being considered would allow a developed country to meet at
least part of its obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by receiving
credit for investing in a project that reduces emissions in another country.

To evaluate different approaches to implementing this concept, in 1994 the
United States established a pilot program, known as the U.S. Initiative on
Joint Implementation. This program encourages investments by U.S.
entities (largely private sector firms) in projects to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions outside the United States. Under the Initiative, U.S. entities, in
cooperation with non-U.S. partners, develop project proposals and submit
them to the Initiative for review and evaluation to determine which
projects will be accepted into the program. The decision about whether to
accept a particular project into the program is made by the Initiative's
Evaluation Panel, comprising senior policy-level executives of eight
federal agencies.2 In recent years, several other countries have also
established pilot programs similar to the U.S. Initiative.

Because of your concern about the costs of reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, you asked us to examine selected aspects of the U.S. pilot

'This agreement, reached at the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change after more than 2 years of international negotiations, is known as the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol is open for signature from March 16, 1998, until March 15, 1999. The Protocol must be signed by the President and ratified by the Senate before its provisions are binding for the United States. As of June 1998, the President had not signed the Protocol

"Specifically, these agencies are the departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Energy, State, the Interior, and the Treasury, as well as the Agency for International Development and the Environmental Protection Agency.

B-278854

Results in Brief

program on joint implementation. Specifically, you asked that we provide information on (1) the criteria used to accept proposed projects, (2) the number and types of projects accepted, (3) the status of the seven projects accepted in the first round of proposals in February 1995, and (4) the estimated benefits of pilot projects in terms of emissions reductions.

The Initiative's Evaluation Panel uses nine criteria to evaluate proposed projects for acceptance into the program. Among the criteria are acceptance by the host country, a reduction in greenhouse gases that would result from the proposed project and that would not have occurred otherwise, and a mechanism to verify the project's results. The U.S. program generally has more criteria than similar programs administered by certain other countries. Also, the U.S. criteria are stricter in some respects, for example, by requiring that benefits be maintained over time.

Through March 1998, Initiative officials had reviewed proposals for 97 different projects and accepted 32 of them. Of the 32 accepted projects, 17 involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions, for example, by constructing and operating a hydroelectric plant that will provide electricity previously produced by burning fossil fuels. The other 15 involve capturing greenhouse gases already emitted, for example, by planting forests or maintaining forests that would have otherwise been harvested. Also, 31 of the 32 projects are intended to reduce emissions of or capture carbon dioxide; the other project is intended to reduce methane emissions.

Of the seven projects accepted into the Initiative as a result of the first round of evaluations in February 1995, five are in the process of being implemented. This means that land has been acquired or facilities have been built, and the projects are in the process of reducing or capturing greenhouse gas emissions. For example, in one case, a facility built in the Czech Republic to generate electricity by burning natural gas rather than coal began operations in September 1996. According to Initiative officials, as of March 1998, the remaining two projects—one that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions and one that would capture these emissions from the atmosphere—had not progressed because their developers had not been able to obtain financing.

The projects' developers estimate that, over a period of up to 60 years, the 32 approved projects, if fully funded and implemented, will result in net

*When forests are cleared for agriculture or development, most of the carbon in the burned or decomposing trees escapes to the atmosphere. However, when new forests are planted, the growing trees capture carbon dioxide (for use in photosynthesis), removing it from the atmosphere.

B-279654

Background

emissions reductions of about 200 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and 1.3 million metric tons of methane. Initiative staff do not verify or attest to the reliability of the "net greenhouse gas benefits" estimated by the projects' developers. In part, this is because standard methods for estimating projects' emissions reduction benefits specific to the U.S. Initiative have not been developed. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has funded studies to develop standard methods for calculating projects' benefits. According to EPA officials, these studies should be completed by the end of fiscal year 1998.

Many billions of tons of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, a major
greenhouse gas, are exchanged naturally each year between the
atmosphere, the oceans, and vegetation on the land. Greenhouse gas levels
in the atmosphere are determined by the difference between processes
that generate greenhouse gases (sources) and processes that destroy or
remove them (sinks). Oceans and forests are the primary natural sinks.
Humans have affected greenhouse gas levels (primarily carbon dioxide) by
introducing new sources primarily by burning fossil fuels such as coal,
oil, and natural gas-and by interfering with natural sinks primarily by
deforestation. Scientists have estimated, for example, that as a result of
human activity, the level of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere
has risen by almost 30 percent since industrialization began about 250
years ago. Among the nations of the world, the United States contributes
the largest amount of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity.

In a July 1997 report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United States estimated that its carbon dioxide emissions from human activity in 1995 were about 5.2 billion metric tons. The United States also estimated that U.S. emissions of methane, another major greenhouse gas, from human activity were about 31 million metric tons (which is equivalent to about 650 million metric tons of carbon dioxide in global warming potential over a 100-year period). The emissions of these two greenhouse gases represent more than 95 percent of the total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions reported. The report also stated

*Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change, from a summary approved by Working Group I in November 1995 for the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change.

'Greenhouse gases have varied effects on the atmosphere as measured by their global warming potentials over a specified period of time. These global warming potentials are applied to emissions to arrive at a common measure for the greenhouse gases, the measure can be expressed in either million metric tons of carbon dioxide or carbon equivalent. Carbon dioxide units can be converted into carbon units by dividing by 3.67.