...of achieving personal and social change, and defines it as a social action process that promotes the participation of people, organizations, and communities in gaining control over their lives. The basic process, according to Wallerstein and Bernstein (1988), consists of (1) group efforts to...

...example is empowerment theory, a process of collective education and social action that promotes the participation of people, organizations, and communities in gaining control over their lives (Wallerstein & Bernstein, 1988). This theory involves collective attempts to address problems by surmounting...

...change, and a belief in the importance of women organizing by and for themselves, (xii) [Empowerment is] a social action process that promotes participation...communities in gaining control over their lives in the community and larger society. With this perspective, empowerment is not characterized as achieving...

...ideology (Sen and Batliwala 2000, p. 18). Empowerment is also a social action process that promotes the participation of people, organizations, and communities in gaining control over their lives (Jejeebhoy 2000, p. 205). Empowerment is therefore a dynamic term, encompassing both process and the...