mark the station in case the regular aid is accidentally shifted from station. Station buoys are colored and numbered the same as the regular aid to navigation. Lightship station buoys bear the letters "LS" above the initials of the station.

[CGD 52-15, 18 FR 4, Jan. 1, 1953. Redesignated by CGD 74-81, 39 FR 41362, Nov. 27, 1974]

Subpart 62.30-Lightships

§ 62.30-1 General.

Lightships are aids to navigation placed in exposed locations where it is impractical to construct fixed aids to navigation. They provide light, fog, and radiobeacon signals, and are distinguished from each other by the characteristics of their signals in the same manner as any other aid to navigation. The characteristics of the various lightships are given in the Light Lists.

§ 62.30-5 Relief lightships.

Relief lightships may be placed at any of the lightship stations, and, when practicable, exhibit light, sound and radiobeacon signals having the same characteristics of the station.

§ 62.30-10 Color and name.

All lightships, except Lake Huron Lightship, are painted red with the name of the station in white on both sides; Lake Huron Lightship is painted black with the name of the station painted in white on both sides. Relief lightships are painted the same color as the regular station ships, with the word "RELIEF" in white letters on both sides.

§ 62.30-15 Identification.

Lightships, especially relief lightships, will display the international code signal of the station whenever a vessel is approaching or is in the vicinity and there are any indications that such a vessel is in strange waters or fails to recognize the station, or whenever a vessel asks for the information.

§ 62.30-20 Caution.

Because of casualties and near casualties to lightships, all mariners are

cautioned that courses should invariably be set to pass lightships with sufficient clearance to avoid possibility of collision from any cause. Experience shows that lightships cannot be safely used as leading marks to be passed close aboard, but should invariably be left broad off the course wherever searoom permits. When approaching a lightship on radio bearings, the risk of collision will be avoided by insuring that the radio bearing does not remain constant.

Subpart 62.35-Maritime Radiobeacons

§ 62.35-1 General.

operate

Maritime radiobeacons during specific intervals as published in Coast Guard Light Lists. For station identification simple characteristics consisting of combinations of dots and dashes are used. The characteristics of marker-beacons are composed of series of dashes for part of a 15second cycle, which is followed by a silent period to complete the cycle. The transmitted power of maritime radiobeacons is adjusted to provide a usable signal at the service range which meets the operational requirement. Markerbeacons are of low power for local use only. Coast Guard maritime radiobeacons operate within the frequency band 285-325 kilocycles. [CGFR 65-4, 30 FR 1044, Feb. 2, 1965]

calibration station. Signals for requesting calibration service are described in the current editions of the Coast Guard Light Lists. In the case of sequenced radiobeacon stations, continuous transmission for calibration purposes cannot be made without interference resulting with other stations in the same frequency group. [CGFR 65-4, 30 FR 1044, Feb. 2, 1965]

§ 62.35-15 Distance finding.

At certain radiobeacon stations the radiobeacon signal and sound signal are synchronized for distance finding. Distance finding from these stations is based on the principle of determining the time difference in receipt of the radiobeacon signal and the sound signal which are transmitted from the station simultaneously. Distance finding stations are listed in the current editions of the Coast Guard Light Lists. These publications also describe the method of using distance finding stations.

(a) Loran-A is an electronic aid to navigation by means of which navigators on or over the ocean can determine their position accurately and quickly, day or night, and under practically any condition of weather and sea. A Loran line of position is determined by measuring the time difference in receipt of synchronized electromagnetic wave pulses from two transmitting stations. A position fix may be determined by crossing a Loran line of position with another Loran line, sun line, star line, or other normal line of position. The reliable average daytime range of Loran-A is 700 miles using ground waves and

1,400 miles nighttime range using skywaves. Loran-A is usable only by vessels or aircraft equipped with a Loran-A receiver-indicator and LoranA charts or tables.

(b) Loran-C is similar to Loran-A in most particulars, being also an electronic pulsed hyperbolic radio aid to navigation. Due to the lower frequency band used, 90-110 kc/s, ranges are considerably increased. Groundwave coverage extends approximately 1,200 miles from each station. Usable skywave coverage exists to about 3,500 miles. Accuracy of Loran-C is considerably greater than Loran-A. Use of the system requires appropriate Loran-C receiver-indicator equipment and charts or tables.

[CGFR 62-32, 27 FR 10101, Oct. 13, 1962]

§ 62.40-5 Rate designation.

(a) The Loran signals transmitted from two paired transmitting stations determine a Loran rate. Loran-A rates are given designators consisting of a single digit number followed by either the letter "L", "H", or "S", followed by another single digit number. The first digit indicates the frequency channel of the rate (in the band 1750 kc/s to 2000 kc/s) and the letter and final digit designate the pulse recurrence rate, i.e., the number of pulses per second transmitted.

(b) Loran-C rates are designated by the four most significant digits of the five digit number which describes the time interval, in microseconds, between successive pulse group transmissions for each station assigned to a given rate. A rate is provided at each ten microsecond increment between 40,000 and 99,990 microseconds. Since all rates are on the same carrier frequency (100 kHz), no preliminary number or letter is required.

[CGFR 62-32, 27 FR 10101, Oct. 13, 1962, as amended by CGD 74-24, 40 FR 6339, Feb. 11, 1975]

§ 62.40-10 Charts, tables, and instruction books.

Loran charts, tables and operating instruction books are published by the Hydrographic Office, Navy Department, Washington 25, D.C., and may be obtained upon request at nominal

The function of a fog signal in the system of aids to navigation is to warn of danger, and to provide the mariner with a practical means of determining his position with relation to the fog signal at such times as the station or any visual signal which it displays is obscured from view by fog, snow, rain, smoke or thick weather. Among the devices in common use as fog signals are diaphones, diaphragm horns, reed horns, sirens, whistles, bells and gongs. (Radiobeacons are treated separately under Subpart 62.35.)

§ 62.45-5 Identification.

Fog signals are distinguished by their characteristics as specified in the Light Lists. The characteristic of a fog signal is described by its tone and signal characteristics. Its tone is determined by the device used to create the sound, such as diaphone, siren, bell,

etc. The signal characteristic is the phase relationship of the recurring sound emissions. Fog signals on fixed stations and lightships produce a specific number of blasts and silent periods each minute, when operating, to provide positive identification; fog signals on buoys are generally actuated by the motion of the sea and, therefore, do not emit regular signal characteristics, and when the sea is calm, may emit no sound signals.

§ 62.45-10 Periods of operation.

(a) Fog signals at stations where a continuous watch is maintained are sounded when the visibility decreases to 5 miles, and also whenever the fog whistle of a passing vessel is heard. Fog signals at certain stations which also operate radiobeacons are synchronized with the radiobeacon for distance finding. (See § 62.35-15.)

(b) Fog signals at locations where no watch is maintained are operated continuously unless otherwise stated in the Light List for any particular aid to navigation.

(c) Fog signals on buoys are generally operated by the motion of the sea. § 62.45-15 Caution.

Mariners are cautioned that the hearing of fog signals cannot be implicitly relied upon. Experience indicates:

(a) That distance must not be judged only by the intensity of the sound.

(b) That occasionally there may be areas close to a fog signal in which it is not heard, and, that the mariner must not assume that a fog signal is not operating because he does not hear it.

(c) That fog may exist not far from a station, and yet not be seen from it, and that, therefore, the signal may not be in operation.

(a) The owner of a vessel sunk in the navigable waters of the United States who fails to mark the wreck immediately for the protection of navigation with a buoy or daymark during the day and a light at night may, in addition to being in violation of 33 U.S.C. 409, be liable for resulting damage to the public. The owner of a sunken obstruction other than a vessel which creates an obstruction to the navigable capacity of any of the waters of the United States may, in addition to being in violation of 33 U.S.C. 403, be liable for resulting damage to the public.

(b) The Coast Guard is authorized to mark for the protection of navigation any sunken vessel or other obstruction that is not suitably marked. Marking by the Coast Guard does not relieve the owner of any such obstruction from the duty and responsibility suitably to mark the obstruction and remove it as required by law.

§ 64.01-5 Marking by owners.

Buoys, daymarks, and lights established by owners of sunken vessels or other obstructions to mark such obstructions for the protection of navigation shall conform to the lateral system of buoyage prescribed by Subpart 62.25 of this chapter. Such markings shall be maintained until the obstruction is removed or the right of the owner to abandon is legally established and has been exercised.

§ 64.01-10 Marking by the U.S. Coast Guard.

(a) When the District Commander within whose jurisdiction a sunken vessel is located determines that the wreck is not suitably marked by the owner for the protection of navigation, he may mark the wreck in such manner and for so long as in his judgment the needs of maritime navigation require. The costs of such marking by the Coast Guard will be charged to the owner of the wreck.

(b) When the District Commander within whose jurisdiction a sunken obstruction other than a vessel is located determines that the obstruction is not suitably marked for the protection of navigation, he may mark the obstruction in such manner and for so long as, in his judgment, the needs of maritime navigation require. The costs of such marking will be charged to the owner of the obstruction. When the needs of navigation permit, the owner will be informed that the obstruction should be marked and will be afforded reasonable opportunity to mark the obstruction.

Subpart 64.05-Charges for Marking

§ 64.05-1 Liability of owner for cost of marking.

(a) Pursuant to the provisions of 14 U.S.C. 86 the owner of a sunken vessel or other obstruction marked by the Coast Guard shall be liable for the cost of such marking until such time as the obstruction is removed or the right of the owner to abandon is legally established and has been exercised or until such earlier time as the District Commander in whose jurisdiction the obstruction is located may determine.

(b) Charges for the costs of marking by the Coast Guard shall be determined in accordance with Part 74 of this chapter.

Subpart 64.10-Reports

§ 64.10-1 Reports of sunken obstructions. (a) Owners of vessels sunk in the navigable waters of the United States shall promptly report to the nearest

U.S. Coast Guard Marine Inspection Office the action he is taking to mark the wreck giving, in addition to the report required by 46 CFR 4.05-1 the following information:

(1) Name and description of the sunken vessel.

(2) Accurate location of the vessel. (3) Depth of water over the vessel. (4) Location and type of marking established, including color and shape of buoy or daymark and characteristic of the light.

(b) Owners of sunken obstructions other than vessels are encouraged to report the existence of such obstructions in the same manner as prescribed for sunken vessels and shall report promptly the location and type of any markings established, giving a complete description of the color and shape of any buoy or daymark and the characteristic of any lights established to mark the obstruction.

Sec.

66.01-50 Protection of private aids to navigation.

66.01-55 Transfer of ownership.

Subpart 66.05-State Aids to Navigation

66.05-1 Purpose.

66.05-5 Definition of terms used in this subpart and Subpart 66.10.

66.05-10 State waters for private aids to navigation; designations; revisions, and revocations.

66.05-20 Coast Guard-State agreements. 66.05-25 Change and modification of State aids to navigation.

66.05-30 Notice to Mariners.

66.05-35 Private aids to navigation other than State owned.

66.05-40 Corps of Engineers' approval. 66.05-100 Designation of navigable waters as State waters for private aids to navigation.

Subpart 66.10-Uniform State Waterway Marking System