502 THE TWO HAGUE CONF it calls their attention to the necessity of p of this third conference long enough in advan of its deliberations with the requisite auth attain this end, the conference considers it ve two years before the probable date of the committee be charged by the governments w ing the various propositions to be submitted investigating matters susceptible of future in and of preparing a programme to be approv soon enough to permit its serious study in ea mittee shall also be charged with the duty o organization and procedure for the confere The above resolution was voted despite its somewhat indefinite phr that probably in the summer of 1915 a Peace Conference will assemble at shall in a similar manner provide for successor. It means, also, that abou that date the attention of every natio upon some great problems of internat an ardent and careful, a thorough an cussion of those problems and the bes them will roll round the world, gaining power as it proceeds. And then, wh ference assembles, it may be confide it will convert some of the attempts of ence into accomplished facts, even as first became the achievements of the "The immediate results of such a our great American Secretary of State "must always be limited to a small par 1 In his instructions to the United States delega ference, and his letter to the President in regard to 503 the more sanguine have hoped to see covered; but each successive conference will make the positions reached in the preceding conference its point of departure, and will bring to the consideration of further advances towards international agreement opinions affected by the acceptance and application of the previous agreements. Each conference will inevitably make further progress and, by successive steps, results may be accomplished which have formerly appeared impossible. . . The most valuable result of the Conference of 1899 was that it made the work of the Conference of 1907 possible. The achievements of the two conferences justify the belief that the world has entered upon an orderly process through which, step by step, in successive conferences, each taking the work of its predecessor as its point of departure, there may be continual progress toward making the practice of civilized nations conform to their peaceful professions." With these wise words of warning and encouragement this account of the first two great Peace Conferences may fitly be brought to an end. م INDEX After the name of each delegate mentioned, the year of his membership is given in parentheses, and a reference to the topics in the discussion of which he participated. The topics are not listed separately, but are noted under "Conference of 1899" and "Conference of 1907.' "Alabama," The, 123, 398. Alexander II, 214, 215. Amourel, General (1907), neutral rights and duties on land, 201; belligerents, 221; occupation of hostile territory, 257, 260; opening of hostilities, 263. Amsterdam, 18-19. Ardagh, General Sir John (1899), armaments, 62; muskets, 179; bullets, 181, 182-185; belligerents, 218. Argentina, 43, 74, 80, 138, 159, 162, 311, 334, 339, 357, 362, 370, 417, 445, 446, 450, 457. See also Drago, Larreta, Saenz Peña. Asser, T. M. C. In 1899: 13; Geneva Convention, 191; good offices and mediation, 268; obligatory arbitration, 328; Permanent Court, 372, 374, 380, 410-411; arbitral procedure, 392. In 1907: 34; special mediation, 276-277; Court of Arbitral Justice, 410-411. Austria, 34, 50, 71, 80, 86, 87, 91, 93, 106, 119, 134, 135, 138, 139, 144, 159, 177, 179, 182, 212, 230, 236, 259, 260, 261, 264, 277, 290, 323, 324, 325, 334, 338, 345, 346, 349, 369, 370, 403, 404, 438, 444, 463. See also Gieslingen, Khuepach, Lammasch, Merey, Soltyk, Welsersheimb. Austro-Prussian War, 139. Barbosa, Ruy (1907), 15; commissions of inquiry, 290; obligatory arbitration, 319, 323; forcible collection of debts, 361-362, 366-367; Court of Arbitral Justice, 420, 424, 425-426; International Prize Court, 429, 436, 440-441, 444-446, 448. Bartholdt, Richard, 4. Basily, M., 4. Bayard, Secretary, 356. Beaufort, W. H. de. In 1899: address at opening session, 36; and at closing session, 39. In 1907: address at closing session, 43; commissions of inquiry, 289. Beernaert, Auguste. In 1899: 13, 33; armaments, 54-55; bullets, 183; neutral rights and duties on land, 211; belligerents, 216– 217, 219; prisoners of war, 224; spies, 238; occupation of hostile territory, 243-248, 254; Permanent Court, 418. In 1907: 15, 33; public opinion, 25, 499; exemption of private property, 136-137; laws and customs of naval war, 167; bullets, 187188, 189-190; belligerents, 222; bombardment on land, 237; occupation of hostile territory, 260; Court of Arbitral Justice, 418-419. Behring Fisheries, 398, 405. Beldiman, M. In 1899: arma 506 THE TWO HAGUE CONFERENCES ments, 67; Geneva Convention, 191; commissions of inquiry, 280, 283-284; obligatory arbitration, 302, 304, 306, 331, 339. In 1907: commissions of inquiry, 290, 295-297; Court of Arbitral Justice, 426. Belgium, 79-80, 103, 138, 139, 144, 162, 175, 234, 265, 323, 325, 334, 338, 339, 345, 348, 370, 384, 408, 422, 425, 444, 447. See also Beernaert, Descamps, Heuvel. Berlin, Act of, 1885, 268; Labor Conference, 377. Bieberstein, Baron Marschall von (1907), 15; submarine mines, 99-100; exemption of private property, 135; neutral rights and duties on land, 207, 209; opening of hostilities, 263; commissions of inquiry, 290; obligatory arbitration, 312-314, 333335, 337-342, 346, 455-456; arbitral procedure, 408; Court of Arbitral Justice, 411-412, 417; International Prize Court, 427, 428-429, 429-430, 441. Bildt, Baron de (1899), armaments, 63-64; obligatory arbitration, 303; Permanent Court, 381, 384. Bille, M. de (1899), rams, 92; oc cupation of hostile territory, 255. Bismarck, Prince, 52, 53. Blaine, James G., 356. Bolivia, 49, 138, 363. Bonfils, 356. Borel, Colonel (1907), occupation of hostile territory, 257; International Prize Court, 431. Bourgeois, Leon. In 1899: 13, 33; armaments, 62, 64-65, 66; occupation of hostile territory, 251; good offices and mediation, 268; commissions of inquiry, 280, 283; obligatory arbitration, 305, 308-310; Permanent Court of Arbitration, 372-373, 380. In 1907: 15, 33; armaments, 74; commissions of inquiry, 292; obligatory arbitration, 311312, 339, 343-344, 347; Court of Arbitral Justice, 420-421. Brändström, Captain (1899), armaments, 62. Brazil, 11, 95, 105, 134, 135-136, 138, 139, 151, 159, 162, 263, 319, 334, 370, 408, 419, 425, 447, 459460. See also Barbosa. Brewer, Justice, 391. British Delegation in 1899, warfare in the air, 79; asphyxiating gases, 87, 89, 90, 464; torpedo boats, 91; rams, 92; naval bombardment, 100; Red Cross refugees, 123, 124; exemption of private property, 127, 129, 133; muskets, 179; bullets, 182, 184, 185, 187, 464, 468 [Geneva Convention, 1906, 198, 199]; belligerents, 219-220; obligatory arbitration, 330; forcible collection of debts, 349, 350; Permanent Court, 385. See also Ardagh, Fisher, Pauncefote. British Delegation in 1907, arma ments, 49, 70-75; programme, 49, 50-51; warfare in the air, 80; submarine mines, 94, 96, 98-99, 481-482; naval bombardment, 102; merchant ships transformed into cruisers, 105, 107; hospital ships, 118; exemption of private property, 135, 138, 139; delay of favor to merchant ships, 141, 142, 143; captured merchant crews, 144; belligerents in neutral waters, 152157; blockade, 159, 459; contraband, 160-162, 459-400; neutral prizes, 163; bullets 187, 188; asphyxiating gases, 188; neutral rights and duties on land, 204, 209; prisoners of war, 230; occupation of hostile territory, 259, 261; special mediation, 277; commissions of inquiry, 288, 292, 296; obligatory 1 |