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it calls their attention to the necessity of preparing for the work of this third conference long enough in advance to insure the pursuit of its deliberations with the requisite authority and rapidity. To attain this end, the conference considers it very desirable that about two years before the probable date of the reunion a preparatory committee be charged by the governments with the duty of collecting the various propositions to be submitted to the conference, of investigating matters susceptible of future international regulation, and of preparing a programme to be approved by the governments soon enough to permit its serious study in each country. This committee shall also be charged with the duty of proposing a mode of organization and procedure for the conference itself."
The above resolution was voted unanimously and, despite its somewhat indefinite phraseology, it means that probably in the summer of 1915 a third International Peace Conference will assemble at The Hague, which shall in a similar manner provide for the meeting of its successor. It means, also, that about two years before that date the attention of every nation will be centered upon some great problems of international life, and that an ardent and careful, a thorough and enthusiastic, discussion of those problems and the best means of solving them will roll round the world, gaining enlightenment and power as it proceeds. And then, when the third conference assembles, it may be confidently expected that it will convert some of the attempts of the second conference into accomplished facts, even as the attempts of the first became the achievements of the second.
"The immediate results of such a conference," says our great American Secretary of State, Mr. Elihu Root,1 "must always be limited to a small part of the field which
1 In his instructions to the United States delegation to the second conference, and his letter to the President in regard to its work.
the more sanguine have hoped to see covered; but each successive conference will make the positions reached in the preceding conference its point of departure, and will bring to the consideration of further advances towards international agreement opinions affected by the acceptance and application of the previous agreements. Each conference will inevitably make further progress and, by successive steps, results may be accomplished which have formerly appeared impossible. . . . The most valuable result of the Conference of 1899 was that it made the work of the Conference of 1907 possible. The achievements of the two conferences justify the belief that the world has entered upon an orderly process through which, step by step, in successive conferences, each taking the work of its predecessor as its point of departure, there may be continual progress toward making the practice of civilized nations conform to their peaceful professions." With these wise words of warning and encouragement this account of the first two great Peace Conferences may fitly be brought to an end.
After the name of each delegate mentioned, the year of his membership is given in
parentheses, and a reference to the topics in the discussion of which he participated.
The topics are not listed separately, but are noted under "Conference of 1899
"Conference of 1907."
"Alabama," The, 123, 398.
Alexander II, 214, 215.
Amourel, General (1907), neutral
rights and duties on land, 201;
belligerents, 221; occupation of
hostile territory, 257, 260; open-
ing of hostilities, 263.
Amsterdam, 18-19.
Ardagh, General Sir John (1899),
armaments, 62; muskets, 179;
bullets, 181, 182-185; belliger-
ents, 218.
Argentina, 43, 74, 80, 138, 159,
162, 311, 334, 339, 357, 362, 370,
417, 445, 446, 450, 457. See
also Drago, Larreta, Saenz Peña.
Asser, T. M. C. In 1899: 13;
Geneva Convention, 191; good
offices and mediation, 268;
obligatory arbitration, 328;
Permanent Court, 372, 374,
380, 410-411; arbitral proced-
ure, 392. In 1907: 34; special
mediation, 276-277; Court of
Arbitral Justice, 410-411.
Austria, 34, 50, 71, 80, 86, 87, 91,
93, 106, 119, 134, 135, 138, 139,
144, 159, 177, 179, 182, 212, 230,
236, 259, 260, 261, 264, 277, 290,
323, 324, 325, 334, 338, 345, 346,
349, 369, 370, 403, 404, 438, 444,
463. See also Gieslingen,
Khuepach, Lammasch, Merey,
Soltyk, Welsersheimb.
Austro-Prussian War, 139.
Barbosa, Ruy (1907), 15; com-
missions of inquiry, 290; obliga-
tory arbitration, 319, 323; forci-
ble collection of debts, 361-362,
366-367; Court of Arbitral
Justice, 420, 424, 425-426; In-
ternational Prize Court, 429,
436, 440-441, 444-446, 448.
Bartholdt, Richard, 4.
Basily, M., 4.
Bayard, Secretary, 356.
Beaufort, W. H. de. In 1899: ad-
dress at opening session, 36;
and at closing session, 39. In
1907: address at closing session,
43; commissions of inquiry, 289.
Beernaert, Auguste. In 1899: 13,
33; armaments, 54-55; bullets,
183; neutral rights and duties
on land, 211; belligerents, 216–
217, 219; prisoners of war, 224;
spies, 238; occupation of hostile
territory, 243-248, 254; Perma-
nent Court, 418. In 1907: 15,
33; public opinion, 25, 499; ex-
emption of private property,
136-137; laws and customs of
naval war, 167; bullets, 187–
188, 189-190; belligerents, 222;
bombardment on land, 237;
occupation of hostile territory,
260; Court of Arbitral Justice,
418-419.
Behring Fisheries, 398, 405.
Beldiman, M. In 1899: arma-
ments, 67; Geneva Convention,
191; commissions of inquiry,
280, 283-284; obligatory arbi-
tration, 302, 304, 306, 331, 339.
In 1907: commissions of in-
quiry, 290, 295-297; Court of
Arbitral Justice, 426.
Belgium, 79-80, 103, 138, 139,
144, 162, 175, 234, 265, 323, 325,
334, 338, 339, 345, 348, 370, 384,
408, 422, 425, 444, 447. See
also Beernaert, Descamps, Heu-
vel.
Berlin, Act of, 1885, 268; Labor
Bieberstein, Baron Marschall von
(1907), 15; submarine mines,
99-100; exemption of private
property, 135; neutral rights
and duties on land, 207, 209;
opening of hostilities, 263; com-
missions of inquiry, 290; obliga-
tory arbitration, 312-314, 333-
335, 337-342, 346, 455-456;
arbitral procedure, 408; Court
of Arbitral Justice, 411-412,
417; International Prize Court,
427, 428-429, 429-430, 441.
Bildt, Baron de (1899), arma-
ments, 63-64; obligatory arbi-
tration, 303; Permanent Court,
381, 384.
Bille, M. de (1899), rams, 92; oc-
cupation of hostile territory, 255.
Bismarck, Prince, 52, 53.
Blaine, James G., 356.
Bolivia, 49, 138, 363.
Bonfils, 356.
Borel, Colonel (1907), occupation
of hostile territory, 257; Inter-
national Prize Court, 431.
Bourgeois, Leon. In 1899: 13,
33; armaments, 62, 64-65, 66;
occupation of hostile territory,
251; good offices and mediation,
268; commissions of inquiry,
280, 283; obligatory arbitration,
305, 308-310; Permanent Court
of Arbitration, 372-373, 380.
In 1907: 15, 33; armaments,
commissions of inquiry,
292; obligatory arbitration, 311-
312, 339, 343-344, 347; Court
of Arbitral Justice, 420-421.
Brändström, Captain (1899), ar-
maments, 62.
Brazil, 11, 95, 105, 134, 135-136,
138, 139, 151, 159, 162, 263, 319,
334, 370, 408, 419, 425, 447, 459-
460. See also Barbosa.
Brewer, Justice, 391.
British Delegation in 1899, war-
fare in the air, 79; asphyxiating
gases, 87, 89, 90, 464; torpedo
boats, 91; rams, 92; naval
bombardment, 100; Red Cross
refugees, 123, 124; exemption
of private property, 127, 129,
133; muskets, 179; bullets, 182,
184, 185, 187, 464, 468 [Geneva
Convention, 1906, 198, 199];
belligerents, 219-220; obliga-
tory arbitration, 330; forcible
collection of debts, 349, 350;
Permanent Court, 385. See
also Ardagh, Fisher, Paunce-
fote.
British Delegation in 1907, arma-
ments, 49, 70-75; programme,
49, 50-51; warfare in the air,
80; submarine mines, 94, 96,
98-99, 481-482; naval bom-
bardment, 102; merchant ships
transformed into cruisers, 105,
107; hospital ships, 118; exemp-
tion of private property, 135,
138, 139; delay of favor to mer-
chant ships, 141, 142, 143; cap-
tured merchant crews, 144; bel-
ligerents in neutral waters, 152-
157; blockade, 159, 459; con-
traband, 160-162, 459-460;
neutral prizes, 163; bullets 187,
188; asphyxiating gases, 188;
neutral rights and duties on
land, 204, 209; prisoners of war,
230; occupation of hostile terri-
tory, 259, 261; special media-
tion, 277; commissions of in-
quiry, 288, 292, 296; obligatory
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