China's Urban Transport Development Strategy: Proceedings of a Symposium in Beijing, November 8-10, 1995, Parts 63-352Stephen Stares, Zhi Liu World Bank Publications, 1996 - 503 pages World Bank Discussion Paper No. 352. Presents the proceedings of the China Urban Transport Symposium, held in Beijing, November 9-11, 1995, jointly sponsored by China's Ministry of Construction and Ministry of Finance, the People's Bank of China, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank. The symposium addressed a wide range of topics, including motor vehicle pollution, urban transport management and planning, bicycles in cities, mass rapid transit, public transit reform, and the role of the private sector. |
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administrative Asian Development Bank Beijing bicycle buses capital car ownership Chengdu China Chinese cities city center companies costs countries demand diesel economic development effective efficiency emissions environmental facilities fares fuel funds gasoline growth Guangzhou Hong Kong impact implementation important improve income increase industry investment investors Jinan large cities large number major mass rapid transit megacities metro million modes motor vehicle motorcycles municipal government operating parking passenger transport percent pollution population density private sector problems public transit public transport enterprises Qingdao reduce reform regulations revenue road space road transport role Shanghai Shantou Singapore social strategy subsidies taxis Theme Paper Tianjin traffic congestion traffic management transport infrastructure transport management transport policy transport sector transport system trips trolleybus urban areas Urban Construction urban planning urban public transport urban road urban transport development urban transport planning users vehicle ownership World Bank
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Page 114 - The combined risk from gasoline and diesel particulate matter ranges from 16 to 28 percent of the total, depending on the year examined. Benzene is responsible for roughly 10 percent of the total for all years. The aldehydes, predominately formaldehyde, are responsible for roughly 4 percent of the total for all years. A variety of studies have found that in individual metropolitan areas, mobile sources are one of the most important and possibly the most important source category in terms of contributions...
Page 142 - Most remarkably, this achievement occurred while the regional economy out-paced the national economy in total job growth, manufacturing job growth, wage levels and average household income. In short, a strong focus on environmental protection is not only not incompatible with strong economic development, they seem to be mutually reenforcing.
Page 110 - Photochemical Oxidants (Ozone) The most widespread air pollution problem in areas with temperate climates is ozone, one of the photochemical oxidants which results from the reaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight. Motor vehicles are a major source of both of these precursor pollutants.
Page 144 - Second, an extensive and comprehensive network of roads and expressways, augmented by traffic management measures, has been built to provide quick accessibility to all parts of Singapore.
Page 109 - As a class of compounds, the oxides of nitrogen are involved in a host of environmental concerns impacting adversely on human health and welfare. Nitrogen dioxide (NOa) has been linked with increased susceptibility to respiratory infection, increased airway resistance in asthmatics, and decreased pulmonary function.
Page 117 - In other words, for every 15-gallon fill-up at the service station, about 300 pounds of carbon dioxide are eventually released into the atmosphere. Globally, motor vehicles account for about a third of world oil consumption and about 14 percent of the world's carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning. For the United States...
Page 124 - In the meantime, today's vehicles are absolutely dependent on properly functioning emission controls to keep pollution levels low. Minor malfunctions in the emission control system can increase emissions significantly. Major malfunctions in the emission control system can cause emissions to skyrocket. A relatively small number of vehicles with serious malfunctions frequently cause the majority of the vehicle-related pollution problem.
Page 118 - ... (CFCs also are used as a blowing agent in the production of seating and other foam products, but this is a considerably smaller vehicular use.) Annually, about 120,000 metric tons of CFCs are used in new vehicles and in servicing air conditioners in older vehicles. In all, these uses account for about 28 percent of global demand for CFC-12. According to...
Page 137 - Figure 20, the truck and bus fleet has been growing by about 3.6 million vehicles per year. While the growth rate has slowed in the highly industrialized countries, population growth and increased urbanization and industrialization are...
Page 141 - As these approaches are implemented, steady progress in reducing urban air pollution problems is occurring. An example is the experience in Southern California's Los Angeles Basin, which has had the most aggressive motor vehicle pollution control program in the world over the past forty years. From 1955 to 1993, peak ozone concentrations were cut in half. The...