House, Representative Emanuel Celler chaired Subcommittee No. 5 of the House Committee on the Judiciary in hearings on 26 bills including H.R. 5037.12 In the Senate, the Subcommittee on Criminal Laws and Procedures, chaired by Senator McClellan, of the Committee on the Judiciary, held hearings on crime control measures, including S. 917.13

The proposed legislation provided for the Federal grants recommended by the President. Research, demonstration, and special project grants were included to encourage research and development to improve law enforcement and criminal justice and to develop new methods of crime prevention and reduction. The legislation provided for grants to be made to institutions of higher education and other public agencies or private nonprofit organizations to establish national or regional institutes for research and education relevant to the act, and that the Attorney General shall require, wherever feasible, as a condition of the grant, that the recipient contribute money, facilities, or services to carry out the purposes for which the grant is sought. However, the Federal Government can bear the full cost.

(d) Crime Prevention

In connection with S. 1484, a bill to establish a Small Business Crime Protection Insurance Corporation, Senator Smathers requested the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress to report on possible applications of science and technology, and systems methods, in the operations of such a body. The resulting report focused upon two kinds of crime, burglary and robbery.15 It reported an abundance of technology available to prevent or detect crimes, but that there is no way to know whether one design of hardware or one concept of protection affords superior performance. The report saw as the most urgent need of a national program against crime, the need to gather reliable knowledge about all aspects of criminal behavior. As for the more limited problem of reducing business risk of loss from crime, if a systems approach is to be used, the first consideration must be to acquire reliable information about the particular criminal acts concerned. (e) Research and Juvenile Delinquency

Bills to provide Federal funds for research into juvenile delinquency illustrate congressional interest in social science research. In the House, H.R. 7462, the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act of 1967, proposed that the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare be authorized to conduct or fund research into, and development of, improved techniques and practices, and for their demonstration. The Secretary could cooperate with, and give technical assistance to, State, local, or other organizations dealing with delinquency. He also would collect, evaluate, publish, and disseminate information and materials

12 "Anti-Crime Program." Hearings before Subcommittee No. 5 of the House Committee on the Judiciary, 90th Cong., first sess., 1967, 1551 pp.

13 "Controlling Crime Through More Effective Law Enforcement." Hearings before the Subcommittee on Criminal Laws and Procedures, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 90th Cong., first sess., 1967.

14 S. 1484, a bill to establish a Small Business Crime Protection Insurance Corporation, introduced by Senator Smathers, Apr. 11, 1967.

15 "Contributions of Science and Technology to Federal Crime Insurance." Report for the Senate Select Committee on Small Business by Science Policy Research Division, Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, 90th Cong., first sess., 1967, 175 pp. (committee print).

relating to research on actual and potential delinquency. The General Subcommittee on Education, chaired by Mr. Roman C. Pucinski, of the House Committee on Education and Labor, held hearings in May 1967.16 The bill was subsequently revised as H.R. 12120, which was passed by the House on September 26, 1967.

In the Senate, a similar bill, S. 1248, with H.R. 12120, was the basis for hearings before the Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty, Senator Joseph S. Clark, chairman of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.17

4. ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY

The Economic Opportunity Amendments of 1967, Public Law 90-222, approved December 23, 1967, continues the authority of the Director, Office of Economic Opportunity, to contract for or provide financial assistance for pilot or demonstration projects.

Section 232 of the basic act, as amended by Public Law 90-222, provides that the Director conduct, either directly or through grants, research and pilot projects designed to assure a more effective use of human and natural resources of rural America and to slow the migration from the rural areas.

5. ENERGY

The industrial civilization and economy of the United States could not survive without a supply of energy. National policy for energy research was the subject of a report from a Federal committee during the 89th Congress. As for the first session of the 90th Congress, a statement by Assistant Secretary of the Interior, J. Cordell Moore, and a message from the President both called further attention to research and development for energy.

(a) A Statement by Assistant Secretary of the Interior J. Cordell Moore

In January 1967, Assistant Secretary of the Interior J. Cordell Moore published a comprehensive statement on U.S. energy policies, which he presented to the 11th session of the Energy Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.18 Mr. Moore set out the goals for Federal research and development for energy, goals supporting the Government's prime objective of assuring an adequate supply of cheap energy, diverse in form and geographic sources, drawn largely from domestic sources, and produced and used so as to cause no permanent damage to either health or environment. As research and development have become primary instruments of carrying out this policy, research strategy in turn has become one of the prime components of policy strategy. "In planning for the future," he wrote, "it is essential, therefore, that plans for Government R. & D.

19 "The Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act of 1967." Hearings before the House Committee on Education and Labor. 90th Cong.. first sess., 1967, 671 pp.

17 Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act." Hearings before the Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, 90th Cong., first sess., 1967, 311 pp.

18 J. Cordell Moore. Observations and remarks on U.S. energy policy. Presented to Energy Committee. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Nov. 1, 1966. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, 1967, 33 pp.

be fully coordinated with the objectives of energy policy, and with other mechanisms for achieving it." 19

(b) A Presidential Message and Energy

On January 30, 1967, the President in his message to Congress on protecting our national heritage, spoke of national policy for energy. He emphasized the effects of Government actions on different segments of the energy industry, saying:

The number and complexity of Federal decisions on energy issues have been increasing, as demand grows and competitive situations change. Often decisions in one agency and under one set of laws-whether they be regulatory standards, tax rules, or other provisions-have implications for other agencies and other laws, and for the total energy industry. We must better understand our future energy needs and resources. We must make certain our policies are directed toward achieving these needs and developing those resources."

20

The President's science adviser and his Office of Science and Technology were directed to sponsor a thorough study of energy resources and to engage the necessary staff to coordinate energy policy on a Government-wide basis. To this end, a new Energy Policy Staff in OST was announced on November 25, 1967, with David Freeman as its director.21

(c) Development of Energy Resources

A five-point action program to promote economic recovery of shale oil and associated minerals from the rich oil shale resources of the Green River Formation in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, was announced by Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall on January 27, 1967.22 The Secretary pointed out that mounting energy demands in the United States made it increasingly important to develop oil shale to the point where it can begin to make a contribution to meeting U.S. energy needs. Under the five-point program, the Department would request funds for a broad program of research and development by the Geological Survey, Bureau of Mines, and Bureau of Land Management. Some of these research projects would involve close cooperation and joint participation with other Federal agencies, industry, and public and private research facilities. "Objectives of this part of the program," said Secretary Udall in his announcement, "will include the development of more information on the location, characteristics, and values of the oil shale and other mineral resources of the Green River Formation, and of better technology for resource development consistent with sound principles of conservation and environmental control."

The Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, with initial legislative responsibility for development of the mineral resources of the Nation's public lands, held exploratory and informational hearings in February and again in September on the development of oil shale.23 Further hearings were held before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and

10 Ibid., p. 26.

20 "Protecting Our National Heritage." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 3. No. 5, Feb. 6, 1967, p. 139.

21 "Office of Science and Technology." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 3. No. 48, Dec. 4, 1967. p. 1624.

22 News release from the Office of the Secretary, Department of the Interior, Jan. 27, 1967. 23 "Federal Oil Shale Program." Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 90th Cong., 1st sess., 1967, 557 pp.

Monopoly of the Senate Judiciary Committee in April and May, with emphasis on the competitive aspects of oil shale development.?

24

On May 10, proposed regulations to implement the five-point program were published in the Federal Register.25 The regulations would permit a limited area of oil shale lands to be leased for research and development, and others to be exchanged, under conditions designed to protect the public interest. Final regulations were not issued during 1967. 6. FIRE RESEARCH

The United States annually suffers great loss of life and property from fire. In 1965 some 12,000 lives were lost and property worth $1.75 billion was destroyed. The Nation's death rate in that year for fire was about four times that of the United Kingdom and more than six times that of Japan.

Some fire research is carried on by fire equipment and building materials industries, trade associations, universities, nonprofit institutions, commercial laboratories, and Government agencies. Little of this work is basic research, and the Department of Commerce reports that industry tends to look to not-for-profit groups for such basic information. Federal funding for fire research is estimated to be about $6 million and is spread among the Forest Service, the Office of Civil Defense, the National Bureau of Standards, the National Science Foundation, the Bureau of Mines, and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. This research is largely oriented to special agency fire problems. The primary deficiency of present research is inadequate attention to understanding the nature and behavior of fire. Too much is still placed upon empirical testing. A major research gap is in fire department operations. The need for research here is said to be growing critical.

For these reasons, the President in his message of February 16, 1967, on protecting the American consumer, called for

Collection, analysis, and dissemination of comprehensive, detailed fire informa

tion.

Initiation of a fire research program.

Improved education for those who prevent and control fire.

Educational programs to inform the public of its opportunities and responsibilities for fire protection.

Pilot projects to improve and upgrade the efficiency of firefighting professions and to promote more effective application of fire safety principles in construction.

A number of bills were introduced to implement his recommendation,27 and subcommittees in both the House and the Senate held hearings on identical bills. The Consumer Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Commerce held 2 days of hearings on S. 1124 in early April,28 and the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Develop

24 "Competitive Aspects of Oil Shale Development." Hearings before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., 1967, pt. 1, 636 pp.

25 32 FR 90, May 10, 1967, pp. 7085-7088.

President's message to the Congress recommending measures for consumer protection in lending investment, health, and safety, Feb. 16, 1967; Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Feb. 20. 1967, vol. 3. No. 7, p. 270.

27 H.R. 6637. H.R. 7270, H.R. 7331, H.R. 6971, H.R. 7583, H.R. 11005, H.R. 12181, and S. 1124 were identical bills. H.R. 9305 differed in that it provided for a statutory advisory board.

28 Fire Research and Safety Act of 1967," hearings before the Consumer Subcommittee, Senate Committee on Commerce, 90th Cong., 1st sess., 1967, 99 pages.

ment of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics heard testimony for 4 days in May and June on H.R. 6637.29 Both bills would authorize the Secretary of Commerce to inaugurate a fire research and safety program, and authorize $10 million to be appropriated for fiscal year 1968, with such funds as are necessary for the following 4 fiscal years. The hearings explored the need for such legislation, and identified the present status of fire research, plans for the future, and the Federal Government's role in assisting in these plans. Further, the questioning probed how the Bureau of Standards would carry out the responsibilities assigned to the Secretary of Commerce.30

During the hearings, before Mr. Daddario's subcommittee, the suggestion was made for the establishment of a National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control. The suggestion was approved, and the substance of House Joint Resolution 498, introduced by Representative William A. Barrett on April 11, was incorporated in the administration's bill. A clean bill, H.R. 11284, was approved by the full committee on July 20, 1967.31

On August 14, the Senate Committee on Commerce reported an amended version of S. 1124 which also provided for a National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control. It differed from the House bill already out of committee in its provision for authorization of $5 million through fiscal year 1969.32 Both bills authorized such funds. as necessary to carry out the functions of the Commission.

7. FOOD

A major report of the President's Science Advisory Committee and an administrative approval of fish protein concentrate were two highlights of public policy for food science and technology during 1967. (a) The World Food Problem

In his message on food for freedom, February 10, 1966, President Johnson directed his Science Advisory Committee to search out new ways to

Develop inexpensive, high-quality synthetic foods as dietary supplements;

Improve the quality and nutritional content of food crops; and Apply all of the resources of technology to increasing food production.

As a result, a PSAC Panel on the World Food Supply produced a major study which was released in May 1967.33 Chaired by Dr. Ivan L.

"Fire Research and Safety Act of 1967." Hearings before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 90th Cong., 1st sess., 1967. 299 pages.

30 Specifically, the Secretary would be directed to establish a national fire research and safety program with a fire research and safety center for administering the act. He would be authorized to conduct directly or through contracts or grants:

(a) Research into the causes and nature of fires;

(b) Improved methods for fire prevention and control;

(c) Public education programs:

(d) The collection, analysis, and dissemination of data related to fire protection; (e) Education and training programs for professional firefighters; and

(f) Appropriate demonstration projects.

31 House of Representatives, Report No. 522, "Amending the Organic Act of the National Bureau of Standards To Authorize a Fire Research and Safety Program, To Establish a National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control, and for Other Purposes," 90th Cong., 1st sess.

22 U.S. Senate, Report No. 502, "Fire Research and Safety Act of 1967," 90th Cong., 1st sess.

33 U.S. President's Science Advisory Committee. "The World Food Problem." Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967, 3 volumes.