nd distortion; film characteristics; dosage elated to film speed; types of films, casettes, and screens; and film identification ystems. adiographic Techniques. Curriculum conent should include: imagery geometry; palent positioning; film/film holder positiong, cone positioning and exposure settings or the intraoral paralleling technique, bicting the angle technique, and techques for occlusal radiographs; extaroral noramic techniques; and patient variions that affect the above techniques. irkroom and Processing Techniques. Curculum content should include: solution emistry and quality maintenance; darkom equipment and safe lighting; film ocessing techniques; automatic film ocessing; and processing errors. Im Mounting. Curriculum content should clude: anatomical landmarks essential to ounting films; film mounting procedures; d diagnostic quality of radiographs. The curriculum must also include clinipractice assignments. inical practice assignments must be an tegral part of the curriculum so that ntal Hygienists have the opportunity to velop competence in making diographs. Faculty supervision must be ovided during a student's radiographic chnique experience. Students must demstrate competence in making diagnostilly acceptable radiographs prior to their inical practice where there is not direct pervision by faculty. ental hygienists must demonstrate 10wledge of radiation safety measures bere making radiographs and, where posble, should demonstrate competence on anikins before making radiographs on tients. Radiographs must be exposed for agnostic purposes and not solely to demistrate techniques or obtain experience. he clinical experience should provide oportunity to make a variety of radiographs nd radiographic surveys including priary, mixed, and permanent dentitions, as 'ell as edentulous and partially dentulous patients. C. Student Evaluation valuation procedures must be developed assess performance and achievement of ital radiography program objectives. D. Faculty The dental radiography training must be nducted by faculty who are qualified in the rriculum subject matter. 1. This may include a D.D.S./D.M.D. deee; graduation from an accredited dental sisting or dental hygiene education proam with a certificate or an associate or accalaureate degree; status as a Certified ental Assistant certified by the Dental As sisting National Board; or recognition as equivalently qualified by the State entity which approved the training program in dental radiography. 2. The faculty-to-student ratio must be adequate to achieve the stated objectives of the curriculum. E. Facilities Adequate radiographic facilities must be available to permit achievement of the dental radiography training objectives. The design, location, and construction of radiographic facilities must provide optimum protection from X-radiation for patients and operators. Equipment shall meet State and Federal laws related to radiation. Monitoring devices shall be worn by dental personnel. Lead aprons must be placed to protect patients. Safe storage for films must be provided. Darkroom facilities and equipment must be available and of a quality that assures that films will not be damaged or lost. F. Learning Resources A wide range of printed materials, instructional aids, and equipment must be available to support instruction. Current specialized reference texts should be provided; and models, replicas, slides, and films which depict current techniques should be available for use in instruction. As appropriate self-instructional materials become available, they should be provided for the student's use. NOTE: Educational programs accredited by an organization recognized by the United States Department of Education are considered to have met these standards. Under existing licensure provisions in all States, becoming a dental hygienist requires graduation from a dental hygiene education program accredited by an organization recognized by the United States Department of Education. In lieu of this requirement, Alabama accepts graduation from a State-approved preceptorship program. APPENDIX C TO PART 75-STANDARDS FOR ACCREDITATION OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY TRAINING FOR DENTAL ASSISTANTS A. Sponsorship Sponsorship must be an entity that assumes primary responsibility for the planning and conduct of competency-based didactic and clinical training in dental radiography. 1. This responsibility must include: Defining the curriculum in terms of program goals, instructional objectives, learning experiences designed to achieve goals and objectives, and evaluation procedures to assess attainment of goals and objectives; coordi nating classroom teaching and supervised clinical experiences; appointing faculty; receiving and processing applications for admission; and granting documents of successful completion of the program. 2. Dental radiography training may be freestanding (as a continuing education course offered by State dental/dental auxiliary societies, or by dental/dental auxiliary education programs); or be a part of an educational program in dental assisting. Such dental assisting education programs may be accredited by an organization recognized by the United States Department of Education; or located in a school accredited by an institutional accrediting agency recognized by the the United States Department of Education or approved by the State agency responsible for secondary and postsecondary education, or approved by a Federal agency conducting dental assistant education in that Agency. 3. The sponsoring entity and the dental radiography training must be approved by the State entity responsible for approving dental assisting education programs, or the State entity responsible for credentialing dental personnel in radiography. B. Curriculum Dental radiography training for dental assistants must provide sufficient content and instructional time to assure competent performance. 1. The dental radiography curriculum content and learning experiences must include the theoretical aspects of the subject as well as practical application of techniques. The theoretical aspects should provide content necessary for dental assistants to understand the critical nature of the radiological procedures they perform and of the judgments they make as related to patient and operator radiation safety. 2. The dental radiography curriculum must include content in seven areas: radiation physics; radiation biology; radiation health, safety, and protection; X-ray films and radiographic film quality; radiographic techniques; darkroom and processing techniques; and film mounting. -Radiation Physics. Curriculum content should include: Historical background; role of radiology in modern dentistry; types of radiation; X-ray production principles; operation of X-ray equipment; properties of X-radiation; and X-radiation units, detection and monitoring devices. -Radiation Biology. Curriculum content should include: interaction of ionizing radiation with cells, tissues, and matter; factors influencing biological response of cells and tissues to ionizing radiation; somatic and genetic effects of radiation exposure; and cumulative effects of X-radiation and latent period. -Radiation Health, Safety, and Protection. Curriculum content should include: sources and types of radiation exposure; public health implications and public concerns; principles of radiological health including collimation and filtration; radiation protection methods in the dental of fice; necessity for high diagnostic yield with a reduction of X-radiation exposure; and monitoring devices. -X-ray Films and Radiographic Film Quality. Curriculum content should include: X-radiation production and scatter; X-ray beam quality and quantity; factors influencing radiographic density, contrast, definition, and distortion; film characteristics; dosage related to film speed; types of films, cas settes, and screens; and film identification systems. -Radiographic Techniques. Curriculum com tent should include: imagery geometry, p tient positioning; film/film holder position ing; cone positioning and exposure setting for the intraoral paralleling technique, secting the angle technique, and tech niques for occlusal radiographs; extraora panoramic techniques; and patient var ations that affect the above techniques. -Darkroom and Processing Techniques. Cur riculum content should include: Solution chemistry and quality maintenance; dark room equipment and safe lighting, film processing techniques; automatic film processing; and processing errors. -Film Mounting. Curriculum content should include: anatomical landmarks essential mounting films; film mounting procedure and diagnostic quality of radiographs. 3. The curriculum must also include clini cal practice assignments. -Clinical practice assignments must be a integral part of the curriculum so that Dental Assistants have the opportunity to develop competence in making radiographs. The clinical experience may be conducted in the dental office in which the Dental Assistant is employed or serving an externship. Faculty and/or em ploying dentist supervision must be provided during a student's radiographic tech nique experience. Students must dem onstrate competence in making diagnosti cally acceptable radiographs prior to their clinical practice when there is not direct supervision by faculty and/or the employing dentist. 20 -Dental Assistants must demonstrate knowledge of radiation safety measures bes fore making radiographs, and where pos sible should demonstrate competence on manikins before making radiographs on patients. Radiographs must be exposed for diagnostic purposes and not solely to demonstrate techniques or obtain experience. -The clinical experience should provide op portunity to make a variety of radiographs and radiographic surveys, including pri The dental radiography training must be Inducted by faculty who are qualified in the rriculum subject matter. This may include a D.D.S/D.M.D. dee; graduation from an accredited dental isting or dental hygiene education proim with a certificate or an associate or calaureate degree; status as a Certified ratal Assistant certified by the Dental AsEting National Board; or recognition as ivalently qualified by the State entity Federal agency where appropriate) which roves the educational program in dental iography. The faculty-to-student ratio must be quate to achieve the stated objectives of curriculum. E. Facilities Adequate radiographic facilities must be ilable to permit achievement of the denradiography training objectives. The de, location, and construction of radioiphic facilities must provide optimum protion from X-radiation for patients and optors. Equipment shall meet State and deral laws related to radiation. Monitordevices shall be worn by dental personLead aprons must be placed to protect tients. Safe storage for films must be proled. Darkroom facilities and equipment ast be available and of a quality that sures that films will not be damaged or est. F. Learning Resources wide range of printed materials, instruconal aids, and equipment must be available support instruction. Current specialized ference texts should be provided; and mod8, replicas, slides, and films which depict arrent techniques should be available for Be in instruction. As appropriate self-intructional materials become available, they hould be provided for the student's use. NOTE: Educational programs accredited by norganization recognized by the United States Department of Education are considred to have met these standards. APPENDIX D TO PART 75 STANDARDS FOR ACCREDITATION OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGISTS A. Sponsorship 1. Accreditation will be granted to the institution that assumes primary responsibility for curriculum planning and selection of course content; coordinates classroom teaching and supervised clinical education; appoints faculty to the program; receives and processes applications for admission; and grants the degree or certificate documenting completion of the program. 2. Educational programs may be established in: (a) Community and junior colleges, senior colleges, and universities; (b) Hospitals and clinics; (c) Laboratories; (d) Medical schools; Postsecondary Vocational/technical (e) schools and institutions; and (f) Other acceptable institutions which meet comparable standards. 3. The sponsoring institution and affiliate(s) must be accredited by a recognized agency. When the sponsoring institution and affiliate(s) are not so recognized, they may be considered as meeting the requirements of accreditation if the institution meets or exceeds established equivalent standards. 4. Responsibilities of the sponsor and each affiliate for program administration, instruction, supervision, etc., must be carefully described in written affiliation agreements. B. Curriculum Instruction must follow a plan which docu ments: 1. A structured curriculum including clinical education with clearly written syllabi which describe learning objectives and competencies to be achieved. The curriculum shall be based on not less than one calendar year of full-time study or its equivalent. 2. The minimum professional curriculum that includes the following: (a) Methods of patient care; (b) Radiation safety and protection; (e) Nuclear instrumentation; (g) Radionuclide chemistry; (h) Radiopharmacology; (1) Departmental organization and function; (j) Radiation biology; 1. The program must have qualified program officials. Primary responsibilities shall include program development, organization, administration, evaluation, and revision. The following program officials must be identified: (a) Program Director-(1) Responsibilities. The program director of the educational program shall have overall responsibility for the organization, administration, periodic review, continued development, and general effectiveness of the program. The director shall provide supervision and coordination to the instructional staff in the academic and clinical phases of the program. Regular visits to the affiliates by the program director must be scheduled. (2) Qualifications. The program director must be a physician or nuclear medicine technologist. The program director must demonstrate proficiency in instruction, curriculum design, program planning, and counseling. (b) Medical Director- (1) Responsibilities. The medical director of the program shall provide competent medical direction and shall participate in the clinical instruction. In multiaffiliate programs each clinical affiliate must have a medical director. (2) Qualifications. The medical director must be a physician qualified in the use of radionuclides and a diplomate of the American Board(s) of Nuclear Medicine, or Pathology, or Radiology, or possess suitable equivalent qualifications. (c) Clinical Supervisor. Each clinical affiliate must appoint a clinical supervisor. (1) Responsibilities. The clinical supervisor shall be responsible for the clinical education and evaluation of students assigned to that clinical affiliate. (2) Qualifications. The clinical supervisor must be a technologist credentialed in nuclear medicine technology. 2. Instructional Staff (a) Responsibilities. The instructional staff shall be responsible for instruction in the didactic and/or clinical phases of the program. They shall submit course outlines for each course assigned by the program director; evaluate students and report progress as required by the sponsoring institution; and cooperate with the program director in the periodic review and upgrading of course material. (b) Qualifications. The instructors must be qualified, knowledgeable, and effective in teaching the subjects assigned. (c) Instructor-to-student ratio. The instruc tor-to-student ratio shall be adequate to achieve the stated objectives of the curricolum. (d) Professional development. Accredited programs shall assure continuing education 32 in the health profession or occupation and a: ongoing instruction for the faculty in cur riculum design and teaching techniques. 3. Financial resoures for continued oper ation of the educational program must be assured. 4. Physical Resources. (a) General. Adequate classrooms, laboratories, and other facilities shall be provided. (b) Equipment and Supplies. Modern nuclear a medicine equipment, accurately calibrated,^~ in working order, and meeting applicable Federal and State standards, if any, must be available for the full range of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures as outlined in the curriculum. (c) Reference Materials. Reference materials appropriate to the curriculum shall be readily accessible to students. (d) Records. Records shall be maintained as dictated by good educational practices. 5. Instructional Resources. Instructional aids such as clinical materials, reference materials, demonstration and other multimedia materials must be provided. (6) General chemistry; and (7) Medical ethics. Prerequisites may be completed during nuclear medicine training. Educational institutions such as junior colleges, universities, and technical vocational institutes may provide these prerequisite courses as part of an integrated program in nuclear medicine technology (i.e., two to four years). E. Operational Policies Students may not take the responsibility nor the place of qualified staff. However, students may be permitted to perform procedures after demonstrating proficiency, with careful supervision. F. Continuing Program Evaluation 1. Periodic and systematic review of the program's effectiveness must be documented. 2. One element of program evaluation shall be the initial employment of graduates of the program. NOTE: Educational programs accredited by an organization recognized by the United States Department of Education are considered to have met these standards. APPENDIX E TO PART 75 STANDARDS FOR ACCREDITATION OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR RADIATION THERAPY TECHNOLOGISTS A. Sponsorship 1. Educational programs may be established in: (a) Community and junior colleges, senior colleges, and universities; (b) Hospitals, clinics, or autonomous radiation oncology centers meeting the criteria for major cancer management centers or meeting demonstrably equivalent standards; (c) Medical schools; and (d) Postsecondary vocational/technical schools and institutions. 2. The sponsoring institution and affiliates, if any, must be accredited by recognized agencies or meet equivalent standards. When more than one clinical education center is used, each must meet the standards of a major cancer management center. 3. When didactic preparation and supervised clinical education are not provided in the same institution, accreditation must be obtained by the sponsoring institution for the total program. This institution will be the one responsible for admission, curriculum, and academic credit. The accredited institution shall be responsible for coordinating the program and assuring that the activities assigned to the student in the clinical setting are educational. There shall be a uniform, written, affiliation agreement between the accredited institution and each clinical education center, clearly defining the responsibilities and obligations of each. B. Curriculum Educational programs of 24 months and 12 months or their equivalents may be developed. A 24-month program shall admit those candidates with a high school diploma (or equivalent) as outlined in D.1. The 12-month program shall be designed for those students admitted with backgrounds as outlined in D.2. Instruction must follow a plan which docu ments: 1. A structured curriculum with clearly written course syllabi which describe competencies and learning objectives to be achieved. The curriculum shall include but not necessarily be limited to the following: (a) Orientation to radiation therapy technology; (b) Medical ethics and law; (e) Human structure and function; (k) Radiation protection; (1) Radiation oncology technique; The curriculum must include a plan for wellstructured competency-based clinical education. 2. Assignment of appropriate instructional materials. 3. Classroom presentations, discussions, and demonstrations. 4. Supervised clinical education and laboratory practicum. 5. Evaluation of students to assess knowledge, problem-solving skills, and motor and clinical competencies. 6. Program graduates must demonstrate competencies including, but not limited to, the following: (a) Practice oral and written communications; (b) Maintain records of treatment administered; (c) Perform basic mathematical functions; (d) Demonstrate knowledge of human structure, function, and pathology; (e) Demonstrate knowledge of radiation physics in radiation interactions and radiation protection techniques; (f) Provide basic patient care and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; (g) Deliver a planned course of radiation therapy; (h) Verify physician's prescribed course of radiation therapy and recognize errors in computation; |