(3) secure, from time to time and for such periods as he deems advisable, the assistance and advice of experts, scholars, and consultants as authorized by section 55a of Title 5; (4) establish and maintain research fellowships in the Environmental Protection Agency with such stipends and allowances, including traveling and subsistence expenses, as he may deem necessary to procure the assistance of the most promising research fellowships: Provided, That the Administrator shall report annually to the appropriate committees of Congress on his operations under this paragraph; and (5) provide training in technical matters relating to the causes, prevention, and control of water pollution to personnel of public agencies and other persons with suitable qualifications. (b) Specific problems of water pollution. The Administrator may, upon request of any State water pollution control agency, or interstate agency, conduct investigations and research and make surveys concerning any specific problem of water pollution confronting any State, interstate agency, community, municipality, or industrial plant, with a view of recommending a solution of such problem. (c) Collection and dissemination of basic data on chemical, physical, and biological water quality. The Administrator shall, in cooperation with other Federal, State, and local agencies having related responsibilities, collect and disseminate basic data on chemical, physical, and biological water quality and other information insofar as such data or other information relate to water pollution and the prevention and control thereof. (d) Municipal sewage and other waterborne wastes; effects of pollutants on water uses; evaluation of effects on water quality and water uses of augmented streamflows. In carrying out the provisions of this section the Administrator shall develop and demonstrate under varied conditions (including conducting such basic and applied research, studies, and experiments as may be necessary): (A) Practicable means of treating municipal sewage and other waterborne wastes to remove the maximum possible amounts of physical, chemical, and biological pollutants in order to restore and maintain the maximum amount of the Nation's water at a quality suitable for repeated reuse; (B) Improved methods and procedures to identify and measure the effects of pollutants on water uses, including those pollutants created by new technological developments; and (C) Methods and procedures for evaluating the effects on water quality and water uses of augmented streamflows to control water pollution not susceptible to other means of abatement. (e) Field laboratory and research facilities. The Administrator shall establish, equip, and maintain field laboratory and research facilities, including, but not limited to, one to be located in the northeastern area of the United States, one in the Middle Atlantic area, one in the southeastern area, one in the midwestern area, one in the south western area, one in the Pacific Northwest, and one in the State of Alaska, for the conduct of research, investigations, experiments, field demonstrations and studies, and training relating to the prevention and control of water pollution. Insofar as practicable, each such facility shall be located near institutions of higher learning in which graduate training in such research might be carried out. (f) Waters of the Great Lakes; research and techni cal development work. The Administrator shall conduct research and technical development work, and make studies, with respect to the quality of the waters of the Great Lakes, including an analysis of the present and projected future water quality of the Great Lakes under varying conditions of waste treatment and disposal, an evaluation of the water quality needs of those to be served by such waters, an evaluation of municipal, industrial, and vessel waste treatment and disposal practices with respect to such waters, and a study of alternate means of solving water pollution problems (including additional waste treatment measures) with respect to such waters. (g) Cooperative agreements for pilot programs of manpower development and training for operation and maintenance of treatment works and related activities; agreements to develop and maintain system for forecasting personnel supply and demand in water pollution programs; grants, contracts, research fellowships, and programs for training projects; report to Congress; contents. (1) For the purpose of providing an adequate supply of trained personnel to operate and maintain existing and future treatment works and related activities, and for the purpose of enhancing substantially the proficiency of those engaged in such activities, the Administrator shall finance a pilot program, in cooperation with State and interstate agencies municipalities, educational institutions, and other organizations and individuals, of manpower development and training and retraining of persons in, or entering into, the field of operation and maintenance of treatment works and related activities. Such program and any funds expended for such a program shall supplement, not supplant other manpower and training programs and funds available for the purposes of this paragraph. The Administrator is authorized, under such terms and conditions as he deems appropriate, to enter into agreements with one or more States, acting jointly or severally, or with other public or private agencies or institutions for the development and implementation of such & program. (2) The Administrator is authorized to enter into agreements with public and private agencies and institutions, and individuals to develop and maintain an effective system for forecasting the supply of, and demand for, various professional and other occupational categories needed for the prevention. control, and abatement of water pollution in each region, State, or area of the United States and, from time to time, to publish the results of such forecasts (3) In furtherance of the purposes of this chapter the Administrator is authorized to (A) make grants to public or private agencies and institutions and to individuals for training projects, and provide for the conduct of training by contract with public or private agencies and institutions and with individuals without regard to section 529 of Title 31 and section 5 of Title 41; (B) establish and maintain research fellowships in the Environmental Protection Agency with such stipends and allowances, including traveling and subsistence expenses, as he may deem necessary to procure the assistance of the most promising research fellowships; and (C) provide, in addition to the program established under paragraph (1) of this subsection, training in technical matters relating to the causes, prevention, and control of water pollution for personnel of public agencies and other persons with suitable qualifications. (4) The Administrator shall submit, through the President, a report to the Congress within eighteen months from April 3, 1970, summarizing the actions taken under this subsection and the effectiveness of such actions, and setting forth the number of persons trained, the occupational categories for which training was provided, the effectiveness of other Federal, State, and local training programs in this field, together with estimates of future needs, recommendations on improving training programs and such other information and recommendations including legislative recommendatons as he deems appropriate. (h) Contracts or grants for developing and demonstrating methods of, and construction of research facilities for, preventing, removing, and controlling pollution in lakes. The Administrator is authorized to enter into contracts with, or make grants to, public or private agencies and organizations and individuals for (A) the purpose of developing and demonstrating new or improved methods for the prevention, removal, and control of natural or manmade pollution in lakes, including the undesirable effects of nutrients and vegetation, and (B) the construction of publicly owned research facilities for such purpose. (i) Research, studies, experiments, and demonstrations in removal of oil from water and prevention and control of oil pollution; publication results; authority to contract or grant. The Administrator shall (A) engage in such research, studies, experiments, and demonstrations as he deems appropriate, relative to the removal of oil from any waters and to the prevention and control of oil pollution; (B) publish from time to time the results of such activities; and (C) from time to time, develop and publish in the Federal Register specifications and other technical information on the various chemical compounds used as dispersants or emulsifiers in the control of oil spills. In carrying out this subsection, the Administrator may enter into contracts with, or make grants to, public or private agencies and organizations and individuals. (j) Research, studies, experiments, and demonstrations of human body waste equipment installed on vessels; report to Congress; authority to contract or grant. The Administrator shall engage in such research, studies, experiments, and demonstrations as he deems appropriate relative to equipment which is to be installed on board a vessel and is designed to receive, retain, treat, or discharge human body wastes and the wastes from toilets and other receptacles intended to receive or retain body wastes with particular emphasis on equipment to be installed on small recreational vessels. The Administrator shall report to Congress the results of such research, studies, experiments, and demonstrations prior to the effective date of any standards established under section 1163 of this title. In carrying out this subsection the Administrator may enter into contracts with, or make grants to, public or private organizations and individuals. (k) Acquisition of land and interests therein for demonstration projects, field laboratories, and research facilities; valuation of properties. In carrying out the provisions of this section relating to the conduct by the Administrator of demonstration projects and the development of field laboratories and research facilities, the Administrator may acquire land and interests therein by purchase, with appropriated or donated funds, by donation, or by exchange for acquired or public lands under his jurisdiction which he classifies as suitable for disposition. The values of the properties so exchanged either shall be approximately equal, or if they are not approximately equal, the values shall be equalized by the payment of cash to the grantor or to the Administrator as the circumstances require. (1) Release to States of scientific knowledge of effects from presence of pesticides in water for adoption of standards; pesticide release control study for implementation of standards; report to Congress. (1) The Administrator shall, after consultation with appropriate local, State, and Federal agencies, public and private organizations, and interested individuals, as soon as practicable but not later than two years after April 3, 1970, develop and issue to the States for the purpose of adopting standards pursuant to section 1160 (c) of this title the latest scientific knowledge available in indicating the kind and extent of effects on health and welfare which may be expected from the presence of pesticides in the water in varying quantities. He shall revise and add to such information whenever necessary to reflect developing scientific knowledge. (2) For the purpose of assuring effective implementation of standards adopted pursuant to paragraph (1) the President shall, in consultation with appropriate local, State, and Federal agencies, public and private organizations, and interested individuals, conduct a study and investigation of methods to control the release of pesticides into the environment which study shall include examination of the persistency of pesticides in the water environment and alternatives thereto. The President shall submit a report on such investigation to Congress together with his recommendations for any necessary legislation within two years after April 3, 1970. (m) Study of effects of pollution, including sedimentation, in estuaries and estuarine zones of United States on fish and wildlife, sport and commercial fishing; recreation, water supply and water power, and other beneficial purposes; report to the Congress; authorization of appropriations. (1) The Administration shall, in cooperation with the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of Agricul ture, the Water Resources Council, and with other appropriate Federal, State, interstate, or local public bodies and private organizations, institutions, and individuals, conduct and promote, and encourage contributions to, a comprehensive study of the effects of pollution, including sedimentation, in the estuaries and estuarine zones of the United States on fish and wildlife, on sport and commercial fishing. on recreation, on water supply and water power, and on other beneficial purposes. Such study shall also consider the effect of demographic trends, the exploitation of mineral resources and fossil fuels, land and industrial development, navigation, flood and erosion control, and other uses of estuaries and estuarine zones upon the pollution of the waters therein. (2) In conducting the above study, the Administrator shall assemble, coordinate, and organize all existing pertinent information on the Nation's estuaries and estuarine zones: carry out a program of investigations and surveys to supplement existing information in representative estuaries and estuarine zones, and identify the problems and areas where further research and study are required. 3) The Administration shall submit to the Congress a final report of the study authorized by this subsection not later than three years after November 3, 1966. Copies of the report shall be made available to all interested parties, public and private. The report shall include, but not be limited to (A) an analysis of the importance of estuaries to the economic and social well-being of the people of the United States and of the effects of pollution upon the use and enjoyment of such estuaries; (B) a discussion of the major economic, social, and ecological trends occurring in the estuarine zones of the Nation; (C) recommendations for a comprehensive national program for the preservation, study, use, and development of estuaries of the Nation, and the respective responsibilities which should be assumed by Federal, State, and local governments and by public and private interests. (4) There is authorized to be appropriated the sum of $1,000,000 per fiscal year for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1967, June 30, 1968, June 30, 1969, June 30, 1970, and June 30, 1971, to carry out the purposes of this subsection. (5) For the purpose of this subsection, the term "estuarine zones" means an environmental system consisting of an estuary and those transitional areas which are consistently influenced or affected by water from an estuary such as, but not limited to, salt marshes, coastal and intertidal areas, bays, harbors, lagoons, inshore waters, and channels, and the term "estuary” means all or part of the mouth of a navigable or interstate river or stream or other body of water having unimpaired natural connection with open sea and within which the sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water derived from land drainage. (n) Authorization of appropriations. There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, other than subsection (g) (1) and (2) of this section, not to exceed $65,000,000 per fiscal year for each of the fiscal years ending June 30, 1969, June 30, 1970, and June 30, 1971. There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out subsection g1 of this section $5.200.000 for the fiscal year ending June 30. 1971 and $7.500.000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971 There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out subsection (g) (2) of this section $2.500.000 per Escal year for each of the fiscal years ending June 30, 1370, and June 30, 1971. Sums so appropriated shall remain available until expended. June 30, 1948, ch. 758. §5, formerly 14, 62 Stat. 1158; July 9, 1956, eh. 518, § 1, 70 Stat 499; July 20, 1961, Pub. L. 87–88. §§ 1 b. (e), 3, 75 Stat 204, 205: renumbered Oct. 2, 1965, Pub. L. 89-234, § 2 a), 79 Stat. 903, and amended 1966 Recrg. Plan No. 2, eff. May 10, 1966, § 1 a. 31 FR. 6857, 80 Stat 1608; Nov. 3, 1966. Pub. L. 39–753, title II, § 201(b), (1), 80 Stat. 1247; Apr. 3. 1370, Pub. L. 91-224. title I. § 105. 84 Stat. 111 1970 Reorg. Plan No 3 § 2(a)(1), eff. Dec. 2, 1370, 35 FR. 15623, 84 Stat REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 55a of Title 5. referred to in subsec. a 3 d this section. was repealed in the general revision of The 5. and the provisions are now covered by section 3109 of Title 5. Government Organization and Empicyees. CODIFICATION "Administrator" was substituted for "Secretary" pursuant to 1970 Reorg. Plan No. 3, set out in the Appendix Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which abolished the Federal Water Quality Administration the Department of the Interior and transferred to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency A functions of the Secretary of the Interior and the Depart ment of the Interior formerly administered through the Federal Water Quality Administration. "Department of the Interior was substituted for "Department of Health, Education. and Welfare' in cordance with the transfer of all functions of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under Federal Water Poilution Control Act (this chapter certain specific exceptions. to the Secretary of the D2rior and to the Department of the Interior by section 1(a) of 1966 Reorg. Plan No. 2. See Transfer of Functices note set out below. AMENDMENTS 1970 Subsec. (g) Pub. L. 91-224, § 105, 2) saded subsec. g). Former subsec. g) was redesignated as Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 91-224, § 105(1), (2), added subsec. (h). Former subsec. (h) was redesignated as a Subsecs. (1)-(1). Pub. L. 91–224. § 105(2), added subsecs. (i) to (1). Subsec. m). Pub. L. 91-244, § 105(1), 4), redesignated former subsec. (g) as (m), and, as so redesignated, in par (4) extended the authorization for appropriations to the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 91-224, § 105(1), 4), redesignated former subsec. (h) as (n), and, as to redesignated 30thorized appropriations for the fiscal years ending Just 30, 1970, and June 30, 1971, and set forth specific ADET)priations for pars. (1) and (2) of subsec. (g) of Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 89-753, § 201(b), acord subsecs. (g) and (h). 1961-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 87-88. §§ 1 (b), ei,la substituted "Secretary" and "Department of Ba Education, and Welfare" for "Surgeon Genera "Public Health Service", respectively, wherever ing, and in par. (4) substituted the proviso requ the Secretary to report annually to Congress operations for a proviso which limited the total sum authorized to be appropriated for any fiscal year for fellowships to not more than $10,000. Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 87-88, § 1(b), substituted "Secretary" for "Surgeon General", wherever appearing. Subsecs. (d)—(f). Pub. L. 87-88, § 3(b), added subsecs. (d) to (f). 1956-Act July 9, 1956, provided for research, investigations, experiments, demonstrations, and studies relating to the causes, control and prevention of water pollution, permitted investigations, research and surveys concerning any specific problem of water pollution, and required collection and dissemination of basic data on chemical, physical, and biological water quality and other information. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1966 AMENDMENT Section 201(c)(2) of Pub. L. 89-753 provided that: "The amendment made by this subsection (amending subsec. (d) of this section] shall take effect July 1, 1967." TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS All functions of the Secretary of the Interior and the Department of the Interior administered through the Federal Water Quality Administration, all functions which were transferred to the Secretary of the Interior by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1966, and all functions vested in the Secretary of the Interior or the Department of the Interior by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act were transferred to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency by Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1970, § 2 (a) (1), eff. Dec. 2, 1970, 35 F.R. 15623, 84 Stat., set out in the Appendix to Title 5. Government Organization and Employees. All functions of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act [this chapter], with certain specified exceptions, were transferred to the Secretary of the Interior and to the Department of the Interior by section 1(a) of 1966 Reorg. Plan No. 2, set out as a note under section 1151 of this title. SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 1163 of this title and in title 16 section 1222. §1156. Grants for research and development. (a) Grants for improvements in disposal method into waters of untreated or inadequately treated sewage or improvements in waste treatment and water purification. The Administrator is authorized to make grants to any State, municipality, or intermunicipal or interstate agency for the purpose of— (1) assisting in the development of any project which will demonstrate a new or improved method of controlling the discharge into any waters of untreated or inadequately treated sewage or other wastes from sewers which carry storm water or both storm water and sewage or other wastes, or (2) assisting in the development of any project which will demonstrate advanced waste treatment and water purification methods (including the temporary use of new or improved chemical additives which provide substantial immediate improvement to existing treatment processes) or new or improved methods of joint treatment systems for municipal and industrial wastes, and for the purpose of reports, plans, and specifications in connection therewith. (b) Authorization of grants for research and projects to prevent pollution of waters by industry. The Administrator is authorized to make grants to persons for research and demonstration projects for prevention of pollution of waters by industry including, but not limited to, treatment of industrial waste. (c) Limitations on grants for projects to improve sewage disposal methods, and waste treatment and water purification. Federal grants under subsection (a) of this section shall be subject to the following limitations: (1) No grant shall be made for any project pursuant to this section unless such project shall have been approved by the appropriate State water pollution control agency or agencies and by the Administrator; (2) No grant shall be made for any project in an amount exceeding 75 per centum of the estimated reasonable cost thereof as determined by the Administrator; and (3) No grant shall be made for any project under this section unless the Administrator determines that such project will serve as a useful demonstration for the purpose set forth in clause (1) or (2) of subsection (a) of this section. (d) Limitations on grants for projects to prevent industrial water pollution. Federal grants under subsection (b) of this section shall be subject to the following limitations: (1) No grant shall be made under this section in excess of $1,000,000; (2) No grant shall be made for more than 70 per centum of the cost of the project; and (3) No grant shall be made for any project unless the Administrator determines that such project will serve a useful purpose in the development or demonstration of a new or improved method of treating industrial wastes or otherwise preventing pollution of waters by industry, which method shall have industry-wide application. (e) Appropriation of funds. For the purposes of this section there are authorized to be appropriated (1) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1966, and for each of the next five succeeding fiscal years, the sum of $20,000,000 per fiscal year for the purposes set forth in subsections (a) and (b) of this section, including contracts pursuant to such subsections for such purposes; (2) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1967, and for each of the next four succeeding fiscal years, the sum of $20,000,000 per fiscal year for the purpose set forth in clause (2) of subsection (a) of this section; and (3) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1967, and for each of the next four succeeding fiscal years, the sum of $20,000,000 per fiscal year for the purpose set forth in subsection (b) of this section. (June 30, 1948, ch. 758, § 6, as added Oct. 2, 1965, Pub. L. 89-234, § 3, Stat. 905, and amended Nov. 3, 1966, Pub. L. 89-753, title II, § 201(a), 80 Stat. 1246; Apr. 3, 1970, Pub. L. 91-224, title I, § 106, 84 Stat. 113; 1970 Reorg. Plan No. 3, § 2(a) (1), eff. Dec. 2, 1970, 35 F.R. 15623, 84 Stat. CODIFICATION 'Administrator" was subsituted for "Secretary" pursuant to 1970 Reorg. Plan No. 3, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, This section shall apply notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle. (Added Pub. L. 87-834, § 13(a) (1), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1032, and amended Pub. L. 88-272, title II, § 203(d), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 35; Pub. L. 91-172, title II, § 212(a) (1), (2), title VII, § 704(b) (4), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 571, 670.) AMENDMENTS 1969-Subsec. (a) (2). Pub. L. 91-172, §§ 212(a) (1), 704(b) (4) (A), (B), added subpar. (C) and inserted references to sections 169, 185, and 187, and added subpar. (D). Subsec. (a) (3). Pub. L. 91-172, §§ 212(a) (2), 704 (b) (4) (C)-(F), struck out "(other than livestock)" following "means any property" and substituted "section 167 (or subject to the allowance of amortization provided in section 185)" for "section 167” and added subpar. (D). 1964 Subsec. (a)(2), (3) (C). Pub. L. 88-272 redefined "recomputed basis" with respect to elevators or escalators in par. (2), and inserted subpar. (C) in par. (3). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1969 AMENDMENT Section 212(a)(3) of Pub. L. 91-172 provided that: "The amendments made by paragraphs (1) and (2) [to this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969." Amendment of section by section 704(b) (4) of Pub. L. 91-172 applicable to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1968, see section 704(c) of Pub. L. 91-172, set out as a note under section 169 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1964 AMENDMENT Amendment of section by Pub. L. 88-272 applicable with respect to dispositions after Dec. 31, 1963, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 203 (f) (3) of Pub. L. 88-272, set out as a note under section 48 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section 13(g) of Pub. L. 87-834 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 167 (e), 170, 301, 312, 341, 453, 613 and 751 of this title] (other than the amendments made by subsection (c) [enacting section 167(f) of this title, amending sections 179 and 642 of this title, and redesignating former subsecs. (f)-(h) of section 167 of this title as subsecs. (g)-(1)]) shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1962. The amendments made by subsection (c) shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1961, and ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 1962]." SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 57, 163, 166, 170, 301, 312, 341, 453, 512, 617, 751, 1250, 1251, 1252 of this title. (A) that portion of the additional depreciation (as defined in subsection (b) (1) or (4) ) attributable to periods after December 31, 1969. in respect of the property, or (B) the excess of (i) the amount realized (in the case of a sale, exchange, or involuntary conversion). or the fair market value of such property (in the case of any other disposition), over (ii) the adjusted basis of such property. shall be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of property which is neither a capital asset nor property described in section 1231. Such gain shall be recognized notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle. (C) Applicable percentage. For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "applicable percentage" means (i) in the case of section 1250 property disposed of pursuant to a written contract which was, on July 24, 1969, and at all times thereafter, binding on the owner of the property, 100 percent minus 1 percentage point for each full month the property was held after the date the property was held 20 full months; (2) Additional depreciation before January 1, 1970. (A) In general. If section 1250 property is disposed of after December 31, 1963, and the amount determined under paragraph (1)(B) exceeds the amount determined under paragraph (1)(A), then the applicable percentage of the lower of (i) that portion of the additional depreciation attributable to periods before January 1. 1970, in respect of the property, or (i) the excess of the amount determined under paragraph (1) (B) over the amount determined under paragraph (1)(A), shall also be treated as gain from the sale or For purposes of subparagraph (A) the term "applicable percentage" means 100 percent minus 1 percentage point for each full month the property was held after the date on which the property was held for 20 full months. (b) Additional depreciation defined. For purposes of this section (1) In general. The term "additional depreciation" means, in the case of any property, the depreciation adjustments in respect of such property; except that, in the case of property held more than one year, it means such adjustments only to the extent that they exceed the amount of the depreciation ad |