health insurance benefits begin. The effects of the unemployment rate, retirement test provisions, and the age, health, and income of beneficiaries on retirement rates and postretirement work experience are described. pro-gen. 0472 Winer, Jonathan H. The Social Security Earnings Test: Time for Fundamental Change to Aid the Elderly. New York University Review of Law and Social Change, 5(2):163-181, 1975. The workings of the social security earnings test and its history from the Social Security Act through subsequent amendments are described, and some suggestions for reform of the earnings test are offered. The earnings test and oldage and survivors insurance in general are viewed as continuing the economic and social policies of the 1930's with some fragmented changes. It is suggested that the earnings test could be replaced by an increased wage base and the use of general revenues. An income insurance program for the elderly is also proposed. pro-gen. 0472.1 Wolfbein, Seymour L. Men in the Pre-Retirement Years. Philadelphia, PA, Temple University, 1977. 243 pp. Temple University, Five papers presented at the Conference on National Longitudinal Surveys, December 17, 1976, are included. Analysis deals with men from ages 45 to 64 as they are affected by health limitations and labor market experience, job mobility in middle age, early withdrawal from the labor force, poverty status and poverty-level wages, and the effectiveness of training programs in raising earnings. The volume also includes two papers on public policy issues addressed by the conference. pro-gen. 0473 Work After Retirement: Some Social Security Bulletin, 38(7):36-38, 1975. Funded by SSA, Grant No. 56047. Findings and conclusions of an SSAsponsored study to determine the psychological factors that contribute to work after formal retirement are presented. Data obtained from university faculty and middle/upper level industrialists indicate that individuals who continue to work have a greater personal dislike of retirement, a stronger commitment to work, and the personality characteristics necessary to sustain the work commitment and increase the chances of finding later employment. The effects of different retirement systems on preretirement and postretirement behavior are discussed. pro-gen. 0474 Zalusky, John. Shorter Work Years-Early Retirement. American Federationist, 84(8):4-8, 1977. AFL-CIO, Department of Research, Washington, DC. Early retirement among organized American workers and early retirement plans negotiated by several unions are discussed. It is noted that early retirement is most often chosen by those who have an adequate retirement income and those in poor health who do not qualify for disability benefits. A major conclusion is that Americans are retiring earlier and that early retirement is increasingly written into contract proposals. jnl-mod. Section 3-Equity Issues A wide range of equity issues in social security are selectively treated in this section. These issues include fairness in social security coverage, taxes, and benefits as they relate to minority groups, low- and high-wage earners, young workers, nonmarried and married beneficiaries, and children. Articles concerning U.S. Supreme Court decisions on important cases involving discrimination issues are referenced in Section 5 of Chapter 11; articles specifically on women's equity are in Section 4 of this chapter. 0475 Aaron, Henry J. In: Feldstein, M. et al., eds., The Economics of Public Services: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the International Economic Association at Turin, Italy, pp. 151-173. London, England, Macmillan Press, 1977. 529 pp. University of Maryland, ual attitudes toward work and retirement, and age discrimination laws. Evaluation of early retirement programs is called for, and management is urged to adopt alternative programs for workers who have neither the means nor the desire to retire early. pro-gen. 0467 Walker, James W.; Lazer, Harriet L. The End of Mandatory Retirement: New York, NY, John Wiley, 1978. Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby, An overview of management policy in the light of recent legislation which virtually prohibits mandatory retirement focuses on effective flexible retirement policies. Chapters address the historical background of retirement practices and legislation; demographic and social factors; management steps necessary to conform to legal definitions of valid performance appraisals and job standards; a manager's guide to relevant facts in gerontology, psychology, sociology, and geriatrics; and guidance in examining employee feelings regarding retirement and career plans. jnl-mod. 0468 Walker, James W.; Price, Karl F. The Impact of Vesting, Early Retire- Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby, A model for the analysis of employee retirement patterns is presented and used to study the impact of pension vesting, early retirement provisions, the cost of living, and other factors on projected retirement patterns. Environmental, institutional, and individual factors in the retirement process are examined. It is suggested that while early retirement, increased cost of living, and vesting will lead to a rise in pension costs, retirees will benefit form higher pension benefits and organizations will benefit from increased labor-force mobility. jnl-mod. 0469 Wallfesh, Henry M. The Effects of Extending the Mandatory Retirement Age. (American Management Associations Management Briefing) New York, NY, AMAČOM, 1978. 41 pp. Retirement Advisors, Inc. The effects of raising the mandatory retirement age to 70 for most employees are assessed, and highlights of amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act are summarized. It is asserted that the change will necessitate carefully conceived and administered personnel and benefit policies, improved employee appraisal and evaluation, critical policy decisions on employee benefits, and better retirement preparation programs. pro-gen. 0470 Walton, W. Robert. The Retirement Decision: How the New Social Security and Retirement Age Laws Affect You. Mission, KS, Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1978. The effects of increases in social security benefits and contributions and the near-elimination of mandatory retirement on the prospective retiree and the decision to retire are assessed. Topics include the pros and cons of mandatory and early retirement, health considerations in the retirement decision, effects of inflation on retirement income and social security benefits, the expected amount of social security benefit increases under the new laws, and the use of leisure time in retirement. jnl-mod. 0471 Wentworth, Edna C. Employment after Retirement: A Study of the Postentitlement Work Experience of Men Drawing Benefits under Social Security. (SSA, Óffice of Research and Statistics, Research Report No. 21) Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1968. 48 pp. Data on the post entitlement work experiences of male social security beneficiaries are presented, based on findings from a series of surveys taken since 1941. Results indicate that gainful employment does not necessarily end when old-age, survivors, disability, and The workings of the social security earnings test and its history from the Social Security Act through subsequent amendments are described, and some suggestions for reform of the earnings test are offered. The earnings test and oldage and survivors insurance in general are viewed as continuing the economic and social policies of the 1930's with some fragmented changes. It is suggested that the earnings test could be replaced by an increased wage base and the use of general revenues. An income insurance program for the elderly is also proposed. pro-gen. Early retirement among organized American workers and early retirement plans negotiated by several unions are discussed. It is noted that early retirement is most often chosen by those who have an adequate retirement income and those in poor health who do not qualify for disability benefits. A major conclusion is that Americans are retiring earlier and that early retirement is increasingly written into contract proposals. jnl-mod. T Section 3-Equity Issues A wide range of equity issues in social security are selectively treated in this section. These issues include fairness in social security coverage, taxes, and benefits as they relate to minority groups, low- and high-wage earners, young workers, nonmarried and married beneficiaries, and children. Articles concerning U.S. Supreme Court decisions on important cases involving discrimination issues are referenced in Section 5 of Chapter 11; articles specifically on women's equity are in Section 4 of this chapter. 0475 Aaron, Henry J. Demographic Effects on the Equity of In: Feldstein, M. et al., eds., The Economics of Public Services: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the International Economic Association at Turin, Italy, pp. 151-173. London, England, Macmillan Press, 1977. 529 PP. University of Maryland, 0477 Bennett, Carol T. F. The Social Security Benefit Structure: Equity Considerations of the Family as Its Basis. American Economic Review, University of Houston, In a paper delivered at the 91st meeting of the American Economic Association, Chicago, Illinois, August 29-31, 1978, issues of equity in the social security benefit structure are discussed. It is argued that using the family as the basis for the benefit structure places an undue burden on contributions from single men and single mothers, who may be least able to pay high payroll taxes. One solution might be to incorporate the benefits and taxes into the income tax system. pro-gen. 0480 Chen, Yung-Ping; Chu, Kwang-wen. Tax-Benefit Ratios and Rates of Return Under OASI: 1974 Retirees and Entrants. 41(2):189-206, 1974. University of California at Los Tax-benefit ratios (T/B) and rates of return (RR) under old-age and survivors insurance (OASI) are calculated for 1974 retirees and 1974 entrants. Factors which influence RR and T/B are noted. A computer simulation shows that T/B for 1974 retirees ranged from 0.05 to 0.46; their RR varied between 6.1 percent and 16.9 percent. For 22-yearold 1974 entrants T/B ranged from 0.22 to 1.57, and RR from 1.4 percent to 8.5 percent. The model can be used to determine whether a worker covered by OASI gains or loses from the program. jnl-mod. 0481 Freiden, Alan; Leimer, Dean; Hoffman, Ronald. Internal Rates of Return to Retired Worker-Only Beneficiaries Under Social Security, 1967-70. (SSA, Office of Research and Statistics, Studies in Income Distribution, No. 5) Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., DHEW Pub. No. SSA-7711776, 1976. 67 pp. An analysis of internal rates of return to retired-worker beneficiaries under social security old-age insurance for 1967-70 is presented in terms of individual equity under the program. Research methodology for analyzing equity is examined, and present results which show a 14.8-percent average rate of return are compared with previous findings indicating a lower rate. aab-mod. 0481.1 Gordon, Nancy M. Institutional Responses: The Social In: Smith, R., ed., The Subtle Revolution: Women at Work, pp. 223-255. Washington, DC, The Urban Institute, 1979. 279 pp. Funded by Congressional Budget Office and the Ford Foundation. Urban Institute, Washington, DC. It is contended that the retirement and aged survivors provisions of the social security system do not reflect the changing labor force patterns of people outside the traditional family model. Examples of social security tax and benefit treatment of one-earner couples, two-earner couples, single individuals, and divorced homemakers are presented. Specific policy options for rectifying inequities are outlined, and an earnings sharing approach is recommended for incorporation into the social security system. pro-gen. 0482 Levitan, Sar A.; Johnston, William Still a Dream: The Changing Status of Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1975. 381 pp. Funded by Ford Foundation. Center for Manpower Policy Studies, Changes in the economic and social sta tus of blacks in the United States since 1960 are examined, with emphasis on an increase in black dependency and the need for more black-controlled institutions. Included are discussions of income, employment, and health and an examination of the role of Government in supplementing income, providing goods and services, and developing human resources. jnl-mod. 0483 Musial, John J.; Pink, David B.; Funded by Dept. of Housing and Urban Results of a study on the effects of |