0446 Rosenblum, Marc. The Last Push: From Discouraged Worker John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Results of a study of the proportion of discouraged workers over age 55 and the incidence of involuntary retirement among this population are presented. It is shown that workers 55 and over have the largest discouraged unemployment rate (discouraged from work due to job market reasons). Also, an increasing number of discouraged workers are retiring involuntarily due to inability to find work. Periods of diminished economic activity exacerbate this trend. jnl-mod. is a much more important determinant of worker behavior than either of the trade-off provisions in 1963. jnl-mod. 0448 Schuchat, Theodor. Older Workers and Retirement: Issues Issues regarding older workers and compulsory retirement to be considered by the United Nations Economic and Social Council are discussed. A U.N. Council report on aging and retirement which notes the economic and emotional problems of compulsory retirement is cited. This report urges retraining of older workers to provide them with a second career as an alternative to raising compulsory retirement ages. U.N. activities related to the general subject of aging since acceptance by the General Assembly as an agenda item in 1970 are reviewed. pro-gen. 0449 Schultz, James H. The Economics of Mandatory Retirement. Industrial Gerontology, 1(1):1-10, 1974. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. Data on the incidence and prevalence of mandatory retirement policies are examined, and the economic rationale for mandatory retirement policy is discussed. Trends toward flexible early retirement are assessed. Specific factors studied in relation to mandatory retirement include economic costs and benefits to the employer and development of functional criteria to measure worker fitness. The analysis brings into question the economic benefits accruing to employers who institute a mandatory retirement scheme. pro-gen. 0450 Schulz, James H. Liberalizing the Social Security Retirement Test: Who Would Receive the 33(2):262-268, 1978. Funded by NRTA/AARP Andrus Foundation. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. The distributional impacts of liberalizing the social security retirement test are examined utilizing results of simulations of 10 liberalization options. Results indicate that significant liberalization could occur without the increased benefits going primarily to the higher-income aged. A three-tier test was found to have good distributional results. jnl-mod. 0451 Schulz, James H. The Social Security Retirement Test: Urban and Social Change Review, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. Arguments supportive and critical of the social security retirement test are summarized. Among the supporting arguments are that social security is designed to replace lost earnings, that abolishing the test would increase costs, and that the test encourages older workers to vacate jobs for younger persons. Opponents point out that older workers have earned their benefits, that health and psychosocial problems may result among older persons forced to leave work, and that economic waste results from the work disincentive of the test. measures are suggested. jnl-mod. 0452 Schwab, Karen. Reform Early Labor-Force Withdrawal of Men: Participants and Nonparticipants Aged 58-63. Social Security Bulletin, Social Security Administration, Characteristics of men who withdraw from the labor force early were investigated via personal inteviews with 8,133 men representing the noninstitutionalized population aged 58-63. Health imposed work limitations, education, occupational background, and race were found to be related to labor-force participation, with health the dominant factor. jnl-mod. 0453 Serwer, Alan M. Mandatory Retirement at Age 65-A Department of Labor, In a brief legal history of mandatory retirement, legal means used by workers and unions opposing mandatory retirement policies are surveyed, and court and arbitrator decisions on the subject are summarized. It is noted that employees have been relatively successful in arguing that mandatory retirement violates job security provisions of collective bargaining agreements; however, employees have had little success in claiming that mandatory retirement violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. pro-gen. 0454 Sheppard, Harold L. The Issue of Mandatory Retirement. Center on Work and Aging, It is suggested that the real issues 0455 Sheppard, Harold L. New Perspectives on Older Workers. Kalamazoo, MI, Upjohn Institute, 1971. 90 pp. W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Washington, DC. Four papers discussing new developments in employment and labor market characteristics of older workers are presented. Topics include: (1) occupational status and employment problems of older workers; (2) age and migration factors in the socioeconomic condition of urban black and white women; (3) the emerging pattern of second careers among middle-aged and older workers; and (4) the role of behavioral sciences in finding solutions to the employment problems of the aged. pro-gen. Property assets and financial assets were studied as an alternative economic resource in retirement via analysis of data from the Retirement History Study. The types and amounts of assets of preretirement-aged persons are characterized, and the basic debt characteristics of the cohort are examined. Assets were found to be more likely to be held by married men than by nonmarried men and women; also, married men typically held more valuable assets. Homeownership was an important variable, not only in terms of value but also because homeowners were more likely to hold other assets. pro-gen. and retirement decisions is presented. It is contended that social security benefits have a pronounced effect in inducing early retirement, that the effect on accelerated retirement can be significantly mitigated by allowing benefits to depend positively on the retirement age, and that the effect of social security benefits on an individual's wealth/ income ratio at retirement is, in general, unclear. pro-gen. 0459 Singer, James W. A Brighter Future for Older Workers. In: National Journal, The Economics of Aging: The Economic, Political and Social Implications of Growing Old in America, pp. 16-19. (National Journal Issues Book) Washington, DC, Government Research Corporation, 1978. 70 pp. The implications of raising the mandatory retirement age to 70 years are discussed in relation to the social and economic welfare of the elderly, effects on business, and work performance of the aged. It is suggested that, in the long term, increasing the retirement age will reverse the trend toward early retirement and force business to evaluate its employees more closely. Retirement benefit costs are not expected to rise markedly. Aspects of the job performance of older workers are discussed, and prospects for elimination of the retirement age are assessed. pro-gen. U.S. retirement patterns since the passage of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act amendments of 1978 which prohibit mandatory retirement are reviewed to determine the preliminary effects of the law. It is argued that the legislation has not yet accomplished the goal of retaining a large number of older workers; estimations are that only about 200,000 workers who would have been forced to retire at age 65 will stay on the job until age 70. This is largely attributed to the fact that early retirement, which has for years been a dominant trend in American retirement patterns, has not been affected by the new law. jnl-mod. 0462 Streib, Gordon F. Retirement: Crises or Continuities? In: Osterbind, C., ed., Migration, Mobility and Aging, pp. 21-41. (Center for Gerontological Studies and Programs Series, Vol. 23) Gainesville, FL, University Presses of Florida, 1974. 172 pp. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. In a paper presented at the 23d annual Southern Conference on Gerontology, Gainesville, Florida, March 1974, retirement is viewed in terms of whether it promotes life continuity or provokes a life crisis. The crisis and continu ity theories are discussed. Results of retirement, family, migration, and personality research are viewed as indicating considerable continuity in the lives of the elderly. pro-gen. 0463 U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Aging. Mandatory Retirement: The Social and A Select Committee report on age-based 2 ual attitudes toward work and retirement, and age discrimination laws. Evaluation of early retirement programs is called for, and management is urged to adopt alternative programs for workers who have neither the means nor the desire to retire early. pro-gen. 0467 Walker, James W.; Lazer, Harriet L. The End of Mandatory Retirement: New York, NY, John Wiley, 1978. Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby, An overview of management policy in the light of recent legislation which virtually prohibits mandatory retirement focuses on effective flexible retirement policies. Chapters address the historical background of retirement practices and legislation; demographic and social factors; management steps necessary to conform to legal definitions of valid performance appraisals and job standards; a manager's guide to relevant facts in gerontology, psychology, sociology, and geriatrics; and guidance in examining employee feelings regarding retirement and career plans. jnl-mod. 0468 Walker, James W.; Price, Karl F. The Impact of Vesting, Early Retire- Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby, A model for the analysis of employee retirement patterns is presented and used to study the impact of pension vesting, early retirement provisions, the cost of living, and other factors on projected retirement patterns. Environmental, institutional, and individual factors in the retirement process are examined. It is suggested that while early retirement, increased cost of living, and vesting will lead to a rise in pension costs, retirees will benefit form higher pension benefits and organizations will benefit from increased labor-force mobility. jnl-mod. 0469 Wallfesh, Henry M. The Effects of Extending the Mandatory Retirement Age. (American Management Associations Management Briefing) New York, NY, AMAČOM, 1978. 41 pp. Retirement Advisors, Inc. The effects of raising the mandatory retirement age to 70 for most employees are assessed, and highlights of amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act are summarized. It is asserted that the change will necessitate carefully conceived and administered personnel and benefit policies, improved employee appraisal and evaluation, critical policy decisions on employee benefits, and better retirement preparation programs. pro-gen. 0470 Walton, W. Robert. The Retirement Decision: How the New Social Security and Retirement Age Laws Affect You. Mission, KS, Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1978. The effects of increases in social security benefits and contributions and the near-elimination of mandatory retirement on the prospective retiree and the decision to retire are assessed. Topics include the pros and cons of mandatory and early retirement, health considerations in the retirement decision, effects of inflation on retirement income and social security benefits, the expected amount of social security benefit increases under the new laws, and the use of leisure time in retirement. jnl-mod. 0471 Wentworth, Edna C. Employment after Retirement: A Study of the Postentitlement Work Experience of Men Drawing Benefits under Social Security. (SSA, Óffice of Research and Statistics, Research Report No. 21) Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1968. 48 pp. Data on the post entitlement work experiences of male social security beneficiaries are presented, based on findings from a series of surveys taken since 1941. Results indicate that gainful employment does not necessarily end when old-age, survivors, disability, and |