Governor HARRIMAN. I am mentioning that. I can get you more information than I am mentioning as to what we are doing here in New York City, and I can get you full information of the results that have been obtained in any detail that you wish.

Senator DANIEL. As I understand it though, you have that compulsory law, the information we obtained when we were here before shows that it is not being enforced in the manner the law is written, that the patients are not being committed under the compulsory law, but are permitted to come and go from the hospital voluntarily.

Governor HARRIMAN. I understand that is true. They come and go, and although there has been some benefit, I think that a close examination shows that it requires a reconsideration of the methods employed. As I say, I will be glad to furnish you with full details to any extent that you wish.

Now, this question of expanded research, I would like to comment on that.

We have not, I believe, exerted the energy in this field as we should. In a sense, drug addiction becomes a disease, and as we are spending a great deal of effort to cure people of physical disease of all kinds, and we have no such program in this field which is commensurate with the problem.

There are, I think, some 60,000 drug addicts in this country, and the prevention and cure have not kept pace with the increase in the problem.

Now, the third area which I want to mention is that the full weight of the powerful economic and diplomatic sanctions of the Federal Government should be employed to work to dry up the stream of nar、 cotics at the source.

Now, I know there has been a lot of pessimistic comment, there have been a lot of pessimistic statements made about the difficulty of doing this, and even discouragement, perhaps, nothing very much can be done.

It is my judgment if the Federal Government will concentrate on this problem, put it higher in its economic objectives and higher on the priority of our diplomatic negotiations, more can be done.

I recognize that it is a very grave problem, particularly as Communist China plays an important role in this illicit traffic in drugs, but I would not be discouraged, Mr. Chairman. I would urge further action be recommended, and further efforts be undertaken.

Now, the fourth area is the elimination of the causes which make possible the growth of the drug habit.

This will be furthered by the elimination of slum areas, the breeding place of crime, and providing better housing facilities for the people of lower income groups.

Our great efficiency toward meeting the juvenile delinquency problem has many facets, as you well know, and must be attacked on all of them.

We, in this State, have a commission which is working on that, and we hope to have a report for the consideration of the legislature at its next meeting. Further, there should be action by a determined drive to clean up the sources of crime, and crack down on all criminal activities.

As I understand it, the particular phase of the drug problem which you are considering today, and in the course of these hearings in New York City, it is the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts.

At previous hearings conducted by the subcommittee, Commissioner Anslinger of the Narcotics Bureau of the Treasury Department, testified before your committee that approximately 70 percent of all the illicit drug sellers were also drug addicts. That indicates that if we can take those, the drug addicts, off the streets, it may well reduce the pressure in the sale and pushing of drugs.

I am happy to say that New York State has taken the lead in the States for providing for the treatment of drug addiction.

The State, with the cooperation of the city of New York, has established the first hospital, Riverside, which is devoted solely to the treatment of juvenile addicts, and we have enacted a law requiring that juvenile addicts submit to a mandatory medical treatment.

This is, Senator, what you were speaking of earlier.

We will have, if you wish, witnesses appear to explain to you the operation of Riverside, its results and disappointments. In any event, I think it is important that a real effort has been made.

Now, the various law enactment agencies in the State have cooperated with Federal authorities whenever it is possible to have adult addicts confined to the Federal Narcotics Hospital in Lexington, Ky. We are cooperating in every way with the Surgeon General of the United States, in experimental followthrough programs for aftercare here in New York.

The problem of drug addiction, however, requires the complete cooperation between State and Federal authorities.

I should like to propose the following program for the subcommittee's consideration:

First, that the Congress enact a law which would give the Surgeon General of the United States the authority to accept for treatment in the Federal hospitals set up for these purposes, drug addicts who may be committed by a State court of appropriate jurisdiction. This, of course, would be reimbursable; the States would pay the Federal Government for such care.

Secondly, that legislation be enacted which would enable the Federal Government to cooperate with and assist the State authorities in establishing a followthrough program of aftercare for drug addicts following their release from the Federal narcotics hospital. I cannot emphasize this aspect of the program too strongly.

Each State, of course, should assume much of the followthrough responsibility for the individual medically discharged addict.

Treatment of drug addicts is part of the Nation's great problem of mental health, which is urgent.

This subcommittee's efforts to determine the most suitable means of treatment are particularly significant, for until we find some means of successful treatment there is little hope of reducing the high rate of drug addiction in the United States, and even less hope of eliminating the illicit flow of drug traffic.

The ultimate solution of the drug problem will be resolved only by an aggressive and constructive program which calls for, as I have said, the complete cooperation between the State and Federal authorities and the utilization of Federal medical facilities.

I want to emphasize again the need for a substantial, expanded research program, both on the Federal and community level.

This latter course may mean the expenditure of additional sums of money for building more Federal hospitals to treat the addicts. That, in the long run, will prove, I believe, well worth while an investment for the country.

In conclusion, I wish to assure your subcommittee of the fullest cooperation of the State administration, and we look forward to benefiting from the information and findings that you may develop.

My purpose this morning, Mr. Chairman, is largely to appear before you to assure you of our fullest interest in your work, our fullest cooperation, and we await with great interest the findings and the information that you develop, and if there is any way in which the State administration through witnesses that you wish, or information that you wish may be of help to you, I hope you will feel free to call upon me.

Senator DANIEL. Thank you very much, Governor Harriman.
Senator Butler, do you have any questions?

Senator BUTLER. No, thank you, Senator.

Senator DANIEL. Governor Harriman, I was particularly interested, because of your experience as Ambassador to several foreign countries, in your third recommendation, that the full weight of the powerful economic and diplomatic sanctions of the Federal Government should be employed to dry up the stream of narcotics at the source.

You mentioned, of course, that Red China is one of the main sources of narcotic drugs now, and in addition we have three countries which have been singled out before this committee, Lebanon, Turkey, and Mexico, in which it would appear that although some officials are cooperating, not enough is being done to stop the traffic that eventually ends up in our country. Now, could you give us a little bit more detail on what you have in mind, as to how we might, through diplomatic sanctions, improve the situation in those countries?

Governor HARRIMAN. Well, of course, dealing first with Red China, there is nothing that we can do with Red China as such, but what comes out of Red China goes through some other country.

Senator DANIEL. Right.

Governor HARRIMAN. It is a question of getting the cooperation of the governments of those areas that are affected in dealing with China, and also in whatever countries, those that you have mentioned and others, where there is a flow of this drug traffic.

The most important aspect of this is to put it high on the list of diplomatic discussion; we can do more, I believe, with most countries, by getting their fullest cooperation.

This is a smuggling business, of course, but at the same time we can find out more by cooperating with the agencies of other countries than in, perhaps, any other way, and I think we ought to put it on a higher list of priority in our discussions and negotiations wherever we have diplomatic or economic discussions with those countries.

Basically, of course, the production of the drugs is important, as well as the illicit transportation of those drugs to our country.

Now, it is not possible to outline a detailed program except to indicate, I believe, that if we put it on a higher priority than it is now, and have it discussed on a more energetic basis between our representa

tives abroad as well as our State Department representatives here, point to what is going on and the information that we have, I am satisfied that much can be done.

I am not suggesting that the flow can be eliminated, but I am suggesting that more cooperation can be received, because in most of these countries the administrations wish to cooperate with us, and I cannot help but believe that we can get fuller cooperation from them than we are receiving at the present time.

Senator DANIEL. As you know, Governor, the United Nations Commission on Narcotics is working diligently at this problem. Let me ask you this: Do you think that if that Commission made a finding that the officials of some country were not doing their best to stop illicit manufacture and traffic, and those officials continue to refuse, that it would be proper for our country and for other countries which felt the same way about it, to apply sanctions of some nature against the countries which refused to cooperate?

Governor HARRIMAN. I will have to know more in detail what the findings were.

I think in this sort of thing you can get, with most countries—I am not talking about Communist China, but with most countries-greater cooperation by negotiation than attempting to exercise sanctions.

If there is a country which is a consistent offender of the rules which they have agreed to by the United Nations, why then, of course, the question of sanctions can be considered.

But I am satisfied myself, since this is an illicit traffic, that much can be done in the areas where there is illicit traffic-illicit transportation. Senator DANIEL. Yes.

Governor HARRIMAN. Now, of course, when it comes to a question of their failing to carry out their obligations under agreements with the United Nations so far as production and distribution of narcotics is concerned, that is a different matter.

But when you are trying to catch a criminal in another country, as well as a criminal in our own country, I think you can get further with it by an appeal for cooperation rather than the attempt to apply sanctions.

After all, we are doing our best to catch the criminals in this country who are bringing it in, and you know how difficult it is.

Senator DANIEL. Governor, I notice you have stressed mandatory treatment and hospitalization and increased rehabilitation program. Have you, other than what you have already said in your recommendation as to the type or treatment you should think should be followed, formed any opinion or expressed yourself with reference to the proposal for clinics which would distribute free drugs or drugs at little cost to addicts?

Governor HARRIMAN. Well, that was attempted in this State some time ago, and was a disastrous failure.

There is no indication that I have seen yet that that is a feasible program. Certainly far more research and factual data would have to be developed before I could indicate that such a plan is a wise thing to do.

Now, when it comes to how you take the patient off a narcotic drug when he is on it-in the hospital-that is a matter that should be considered by those who are scientifically more familiar with the problem than I am.

I have emphasized research, and I think from my information before me, we have not enough-we have no real method by which a cure can be reasonably assured, and I think part of that difficulty is that enough attention has not been paid to ways and means for developing treatment and, particularly, ways and means of following up, as I have indicated, the patient after he leaves the hospital.

When it comes to a criminal, why then, we have got another series of problems. But you are speaking, I believe, about those who were taken to hospitals for cure of this drug disease.

Senator DANIEL. I could not agree with you more on the need for followup procedures of the patents that we already have in the Federal hospitals. This committee found under our present system of appropriations from Congress and the procedures under which our doctors must operate in our Federal hospitals, that there was practeally no followup at all on the thousands of patients who have already been treated in our narcotics hospital. It is just impossible for the Public Health Service to tell us what percentage have actually been cured or what percentage have gone back on the drugs. As a matter of fact, they are prohibited from even giving information, relative to patient-addicts who are returning to their communities, out to other public officials. I certainly agree with you on the followup program as well as some of the other recommendations that you have made here today.

Senator Butler, does this bring to your mind any questions that you would like to ask the Governor?

Senator BUTLER. No, Senator; not at this time.

Senator DANIEL. Mr. Counsel?

Mr. GASQUE. No, Mr. Charman.

Senator DANIEL. Governor, again I thank you very much for your kindness and the time you have taken to appear before us, and for the cooperation that you and other officials in New York have given ths committee.

Governor HARRIMAN. Thank you, Senator.

Senator DANIEL. Will the following witnesses who were subpenaed before this committee at our last hearing and who were told to report back at this hearing, please answer to their names if they are in the room: Salvatore Santoro? I understand he is in the witness room. He is here.

Albert Newman? Is Albert Newman present?

Joseph Bento? He is in the witness room.

Joseph Bendinelli?

Frank Calici, is he here?

If any of you know when any of these witnesses who have not been accounted for come in, please advise the committee.

As heretofore stated, our committee is interested in developing any evidence which might assist us in making recommendations to the United States Senate on improvements in present laws and procedures with reference to the treatment of drug addiction. That is part of the job that was assigned to this committee by the Senate resolution. We have with us today some of the Nation's foremost authorities on the subject of drug addiction. I know that medical authorities do not always agree on what is the best way to solve this problem. We have tried faithfully to invite authorities representing all points of