headism and of Anti-Imperialism, I am constantly reminded of these verses of Mr. Lincoln's favorite poem, "O, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud": "So the multitude goes, like the flower or the weed "For we are the same our fathers have been; 66 We see the same sights our fathers have seen,— They died, ay! they died; and we things that are now, Who make in their dwelling a transient abode, Let us see how true this little poem is that Mr. Lincoln used to keep softly mumbling to himself when he was overburdened with worry, disappointment and responsibility. The question of Copperheadism reached its height in the case of Vallandigham. After his defeat at Fredericksburg, Gen. Burnside took command of the Department of the Ohio, March 25, 1863. "He found," say Nicolay and Hay in their exhaustive history of Mr. Lincoln, Vol. VII, Chap. XII, "his department infested with a peculiarly bitter opposition to the Government and to the prosecution of the war, amounting, in his opinion, to positive aid and comfort to the enemy; and he determined to use all the powers confided to him to put an end to these manifestations, which he considered treasonable. . . He issued, on the 13th of April, an order, which obtained wide celebrity under the name of General Order No. 38, announcing that 'all persons found within our lines, who commit acts for the benefit of the enemies of our country, will be tried as spies or traitors, and, if convicted, will suffer death.' In enumerating the offenses for which arrest would be made, he declared that 'the habit of declaring sympathy for the enemy will not be allowed in this department. Persons committing such offenses will be at once arrested, with a view to being tried as above stated, or sent beyond our lines into the lines of their friends.'' I want you to note particularly now, if you will, the last part of the sentence, that the guilty parties tried (as spies or traitors) or sent beyond our lines into the lines of their friends." 66 later becomes of importance. This For some years Clement L. Vallandigham had been a Democratic congressman from Ohio, but was repudiated by his constituents because of his sympathy with the South and was defeated for re-elec tion during the progress of the war. In a speech delivered in the House of Representatives on the 14th of January, 1863, he said: "I was satisfied that the secret but real purpose of the war and was to abolish slavery in the States with it. . . the change of our present democratic government into an imperial despotism." Copperheads never seem to advance, whether in the time of the Rebellion or in that of the Spanish War. How that speech of Vallandigham's sounds like dozens we have read since the beginning of the war in the Philippines! The very name, Anti-Imperialists, means "against an Empire." Here is an extract from a speech by the distinguished president of the Anti-Imperialists delivered by him in Boston two years ago: "I am here to plead for America and I have reached the point where I am ready to avow that the President intended from the opening of the war with Spain to transfer this Government from a republic to an Empire." In a speech delivered at the Second Annual Meeting of the New England Anti-Imperialist League on November 24, 1900, the same gentleman said: "He (Pres. McKinley) has entered upon an undertaking, beginning in the year 1898, if not earlier, which means nothing less than the subversion of this government—a change of its character from a republic to an empire. Is it to be presumed that the President, when he extorted the Philippine Islands from Spain, had any other purpose than a purpose to change the government from a Republic to an Empire? Vallandigham would have used the same expressions. The fact that the Empire they prophesied forty years ago has not yet arrived, while the names of the men who saw it coming have long since been forgotten, fails to impress them. The moment there is a war they fairly bound out of their chairs and shout at the top of their voices that they won't go because they don't approve of the purpose of it, which purpose is to change this Government into an Empire. So we have the same cry in 1898 that Vallandigham made in 1863. At a meeting at Mt. Vernon, O., Vallandigham called the President, "King Lincoln " and advised the people to come up together at the ballot-box and "hurl the tyrant from his throne." Within a year and a half, a United States Senator on the floor of the Senate appears to have called Mr. McKinley, "William the First, Emperor of the United States and the Philippines." For his sayings at these meetings, General Burnside had Vallandigham arrested under General Order No. 38, tried before a military commission and found guilty of the charge of "publicly expressing, in violation of General Order No. 38, his sympathy for those in arms against the Government of the United States, declaring disloyal sentiments and opinions, with the object and purpose of weakening the power of the Government in its efforts to suppress an unlawful rebellion." They, therefore, sen-, tenced him to be placed in close confinement in some fortress of the United States there to be kept during the continuance of the war. 66 'But," say Nicolay and Hay, "before the finding of the commission was made public, George E. Pugh, as counsel for Vallandigham, applied to Judge Leavitt of the United States Circuit Court, sitting in Cincinnati, for a writ of habeas corpus. . . The most noticeable feature of the trial was a written address from General Burnside himself in which he explained and defended his action." He said in part: "If it is my duty and the duty of the troops to avoid saying anything that would weaken the army by preventing a single recruit from joining the ranks, by bringing the laws of Congress into disrepute, or by causing dissatisfaction in the ranks, it is equally the duty of every citizen in the department to avoid the same evil. If I were to find a man from the |