on the reserve active status list and consistent and equitable treatment of officers who are transferring to and from the reserve active status list and the active duty list. It is patterned closely after the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act, which was enacted in 1980. The enactment of ROPMA would revise the laws governing reserve appointments, promotions, separations, and transfers to the Retired Reserve. It would stimulate the type of long-range planning which is essential to providing reserve officers with attractive and meaningful careers, and which is necessary to attract and retain officers of the proper age and grade who possess the skills and experience needed by our Reserve components. I hope that you will act on this important management tool as quickly as possible.

Summary

There is no doubt that the readiness and war-fighting capability of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces have improved in recent years. Today, our Reserve Forces include more qualified people, who work with better equipment, and who receive more realistic training, than at any previous time in our nation's history. Our implementation of an effective Total Force Policy, however, necessarily requires that we be relentless in our continued efforts to ensure that the National Guard and Reserve--especially early deploying units--receive and retain sufficient numbers of properly skilled and trained personnel, and sufficient modern equipment, to be ready for combat on short notice. We've made a good start, but much remains to be done.

Mr. Chairman, this completes my statement. Thank you very much for the privilege and opportunity to appear before this committee.

NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU

STATEMENT OF LT. GEN. HERBERT R. TEMPLE, JR., CHIEF, NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU

COMMENDATION OF CHAIRMAN STENNIS

Senator JOHNSTON. General Temple?

General TEMPLE. Mr. Chairman, I request that my statement be entered into the record, and I, like Secretary Duncan, regret not seeing Senator Stennis here today with us.

For one who has had the privilege over the past many years to testify before him, I must tell you it will be a great loss to our country and to the military services.

I think you know that in the military establishment we separate our people by uniforms and by medals and by decorations. If the same distinguishing characteristics were applied to the civilian sector and we were all standing next to Senator Stennis for his contributions to our country, we would all look like recruits.

I often recall the comments he has made in this room before about the first military person he ever saw, and he referred to him as a soldier boy, and how straight he stood, and what pride he took in seeing him. Now, that soldier boy was a National Guardsman.

Senator Stennis often remarked that he had watched his National Guardsmen march off to fight our Nation's battles over the course of years, and he took great pride in that, and he said I will never forget it. Mr. Chairman, he never forgot it. He has never forgotten us. Our Nation, our military services, the National Guard are grateful for what he has contributed to us. Sir, he will be missed, and I want this committee to know that those of us who have had an opportunity to come here for the past few years are better off for his having come our way. I have no further statement to make, sir.

[The prepared statement of General Temple follows:]

STATEMENT BY

LIEUTENANT GENERAL HERBERT R. TEMPLE, JR.

CHIEF, NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY

AND THE AIR FORCE

INTRODUCTION

As Chief of the National Guard Bureau representing more than one-half million members of the Army and Air National Guard, appreciate the opportunity to appear before Committees of the Congress and to both inform you of our progress and o express our sincere than's for your support which has made the Guard's remarkable success possible.

For

The National Guard is our country's oldest military institution. over three and a half centuries, citizen soldiers have se ved proudly in our nation's defense. Initially formed to provide for the common defense of early settlers, the National Guard has grown in size and assumed more responsibilities as the nation has grown and changed. Th: rather dramatic changes in the past decade, however, are equal to all changes in the previous 340 years. With the Total Force Policy becoming reality, the Guard is now fully integrated into all defense scenar: os and is a full partner in America's first line of defense.

Many Americans still think of the National Guard as o ly a state militia employed in local emergencies and disasters. While our state mission does require answering the call of the Governors and responding to emergencies in the states and territories to assist in the preservation and protection of life, property, and public order, the Army and Air National Guard are undisputedly a major portion of the U.S. conventional defer.se capability.

STATE MISSION

Our state mission of responding to requests from the respective Governors for assistance continues at an increasingly high level. During calendar year 1987 (CY 1987), personnel of the Army and Air National Guard significantly increased assistance to Federal, State and local drug/law enforcement agencies in the war against the growth of illicit drugs in the United States, and the influx of those drugs across our borders. More than 375 missions were conducted, consisting of aerial observation and reporting marijuana locations, air and surface transportation of law enforcement officials, radar and visual surveillance of suspected drug trafficking aircraft and vessels, and loans of specialized equipment. These missions involved over 1,500 personnel from 25 states, and used almost 9,000 mandays. These missions are performed either in State status or incidental to Federal training periods.

FEDERAL MISSION

Our primary (federal) mission is to be able to mobilize units of properly trained and equipped personnel. As our country's vital

interests are no longer limited by our national borders, but are global, we must demonstrate our resolve and our capability to protect our nation's interests wherever they are. Two ways that the Guard prepares for this mission are through Overseas Deployment Training and participation in various exercises. We appreciate our training at sites within the United States and its Territories and fully intend to conduct the major portion of our training at CONUS installations. However, we are an integral part of the Total Force and can expect to be called upon to defend our interestз3 throughout the world. We must train in far-flung locations to acquire the ability to mobilize, move, deploy, sustain our forces and maintain our equipment as a creditable deterrent force. deployments are quite beneficial in developing a professional, disciplined military organization.

Such

To enhance our ability to effectively respond to our Federal mission, Army and Air Guard units continued to be deployed worldwide in the past year. Our involvemert in training, exercises, and deployments throughout the world is a significant factor to our readiness enhancement. Overseas Deployment Training (ODT) provides the Army National Guard (ARNG) soldier the opportunity to learn about the unit's mission and the operating procedures of their wartime gaining command. U its conduct mobilization, deployment, reception planning and training. Uit readiness is improved by participation of units/cells in CCO US unilateral, joint, and combined exercises. Units and cells selected for ODT are identified by the Time-Phased Force Development List (TPFDL)nd the CAPSTONE alignment with the active forces. The ODT plan for 1988 s for participation of 1,407 units/cells and 41,716 personnel.

The Air National Guard (ANG) is a full partner with other active and reserve components ir overseas deployments, JCS exercises, Air Force training exercises, and ANG sponsored Composite Force Training exercises. A trend of increased ANG participation in joint exercises has enriched training and readiness. The ANG overseas deployments move entire units to theater locations throughout the world for short periods of time. These deployments provide realistic, valuable, theater specific training. Since airlift costs account for more than 90 percent of deployment costs, the ANG has exercised several deployment concepts in order to maximize its training dollars. Using multi-unit deployments, the ANG has reduced per unit airlift costs by 20-25 percent. Use of dual-role KC-10s (air refueling and airlift) also reduced the overall deployment cost.

The Air Guard also supports the Army in exercises throughout the world. Joint training programs, such as at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California, and the Joint Readiness Training Center, Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, provide joint training experience for both the Army and Air National Guard. To sharpen ANG fighting skills and familiarize our ANG personnel with joint operations, Composite Force Training exercises are conducted throughout the year. These exercises are sponsored and planted by Air Guard flying units, Field Training Sites, and active Air Force units. These exercises encompass all mission areas of the Air Guard and are developed for the specific purpose of providing realistic training for all participants.

Deterrence and readiness are keys to our success in performing our federal mission. During his first term, George Washington, a former Colonel in the Virginia militia said, "The only probable means of preventing insult or hostility for any length of time and from being exempted from the calamities of war, is to put the national militia in such a condition as they may appear truly respectable in the eyes of our

friends and formidable to those who would otherwise become our enemies." In today's language, this translates to deterrence. Deterrence is the most fundamental element of our defense policy and the cornerstone of our alliance relationships. Deterrence must not only prevent conventional and nuclear attack on the United States, but must extend such protection to our allies. As you know, JCS defines de terrence as the prevention from action by ear of the consequences. Deterrence is a state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable

counteraction.

Our

While our way of life clearly supports the deterrence concept, we must be ever vigilant and always capable of fighting and winning. Guard soldiers and airmen must be fit to fight, trained to use the equipment provided, and taught to sustain themselves in a hostile environment. Our equipment must be state-of-the-art, able to destroy the enemy as well as to protect our troops. Our units must attain the maximum readiness level and must be prepared to fill their defense roles ΟΙ a moment's notice. As you know readiness is the ability of forces, urits, weapons systems, or equipment to deliver the outputs for which they were designed, including the ability to deploy and employ without unacceptable delays. In this light, the real value of Army and Air Guard participation in OCONUS training is readily apparent and contributes significantly to our ability to achieve a specified wartime objective.

TODAY'S NATIONAL GUARD

The Guard today is better manned, better trained, and better equipped than ever in its long history. Congress has placed great faith and trust in us and has provided much assistance in our manning, training, and equipping. We have been asked to accept additional missions and responsibilities and have responded well to these challenges. Our efforts to rec:uit and retain a high quality, professional, and dedicated force have pail dividends.

The Air National Guard and Army National Guard have consistently been number one and two, respectively, in retention rates among Reserve Components. In FY 87, the ANG retention rate was 89.6 and the ARNG retention rate was 83.5. As a direct result of these excellent retention rates and aggressive recruiting programs both the Air and Army National Guard were able to reach their highest strength levels ever.

We in leadership must continue to provide these soldiers with the vely best ecuipment and quality training to ensure their survival should they be required to defend this nation. We have done well, but there is room for improvement.

We, as well as all Americans, must recognize that security is not cheap. Air Force Secretary Edward C. Alridge, Jr., has said "The reality is that defense spending alone has not caused the federal deficit nor will gutting the defense budget solve the deficit." The fact is that Reserve Forces are a bargain, but they cannot do it alone. The active forces are needed more than ever; the Active and Reserve Components must be fully integrated into training, equipment, and systems. The requirement to equip and train our Reserve forces exists because of the necessity of those forces to be fully combat ready. They must be ready to stand alone or integrate fully with their active duty counterparts.

EQUIPMENT

Although the Department of the Army continued the modernization of the ARNG by distributing over $2 billion worth of equipment to the ARNG