conflicts. The current Army aviation fleet of more than 8,000 rotary wing aircraft must be modernized to keep pace with the requirements of the future battlefield.

In recognition of the need to modernize this fleet, the Army has developed an affordable strategy which retires aging aircraft, continues production of current aircraft, and protects its investment for the future. Over the next 15 years, the Army Aviation Modernization Plan (AAMP) will provide approximately 200 aircraft per year through production and/or modification programs for the AH-64, UH-60, OH-58D, and CH-47 helicopters. Additionally, the plan refocuses the light helicopter program with an anticipated fielding in the mid-1990's, and continues special operations aircraft development. AAMP will retire about 2,000 aging UH-1 and OH-58 aircraft by FY 94.

The RC constitutes a major portion of the Army aviation force, spanning the full spectrum of aviation missions. The AAMP supports modernization of the RC at an increased rate over previous projections. Fielding will be based on mission priorities and roundout affiliation.

This modernization program will provide the warfighting CINCS near-term day/night reconnaissance aircraft, fully resourced and modernized assault and lift units, and modernized attack units. In the long term, the AAMP will produce a fully modernized total Army aviation fleet.

5. RC MODERNIZATION ISSUES

DEDICATED PROCUREMENT PROGRAM (DPP)

DPP funding is appropriated specifically for the RC to improve near term readiness of selected items of equipment within high priority early deploying units. DPPs have allowed the ARNG to procure major combat and support equipment such as M901 Improved TOW Vehicle conversion kits, M113A3 Armored Personnel Carriers, M198 Howitzers, UH-60 Helicopters, AN/PVS-5 Night Vision Goggles, AN/VRC-46 Radio Sets, and Chaparral Missile systems. The USAR has concentrated on procuring trucks of all body types, semi-trailers and communications-electronics test and diagnostic equipment, as well as M113 family of personnel carriers and medium armored recovery vehicles.

DEPLOYABLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS (DEPMEDS)

DEPMEDS is a DOD effort to standardize medical facilities and to eliminate health care equipment shortfalls required for deployable hospitals. There are seven types of DEPMEDS equipped Army hospitals, ranging from mobile Army surgical hospitals deployed far forward to general hospitals farther to the rear. Each type represents a different configuration of standard modules, such as operating rooms, laboratories, x-ray units, and wards. The Army RC is scheduled to receive 119 DEPMEDS sets beginning this year.

ADDITIONAL MAJOR USAR INITIATIVES

By FY 90, distribution of the following systems to the USAR will be complete:

M60A3 Main Battle Tank with thermal sight, laser rangefinder, and an analog ballistic computer;

a new 1 1/4-ton tactical wheeled vehicle; M939 Series 5-ton trucks in both general

and special varieties.

Pershing II's deployed on their launchers.

6. MODERNIZATION OF NONSTRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES (NSNF)

U.S. Army nuclear systems include Pershing II, Lance, Artillery-Fired Atomic Projectiles (AFAPs), and Atomic Demolition Munitions. Pershing II, with a range of 1,800 kilometers, is the only Army system covered by the INF agreement. Pershing II is significant in that it is the only Army system capable

of reaching the Soviet mainland. It is scheduled for retirement from the Army force structure during implementation of the INF agreement.

Pershing 1A, Lance, AFAPS, Nike-Hercules, and Honest John support our allies but the warheads are maintained under U.S. control by Programs of Cooperation (POCs). The Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Turkey and Greece participate in POCS. West Germany's Pershing 1A POC will be terminated during the last two months of the INF implementation period.

Modernization of AFAPS and fielding of a Follow-On To Lance missile system are long standing high priorities for NATO. Specifically addressed in the 1983 Montebello Decision, and reaffirmed by NATO's Nuclear Planning Group in November of 1987, these programs are a NATO goal. Modernization of NSNF is required to maintain the credibility of the NATO triad of forces called for by NATO strategy, especially in light of the INF agreement.

Modernized AFAPS offer tremendous advantages in range, response time, target effect, accuracy, safety

E. Force Structure

"Superior force is a powerful persuader."

Winston Churchill

The process of establishing our force structure is initiated when the unified and specified commandersin-chief submit unconstrained combat force requirements based on their war plans. Within budget constraints and at a level of acceptable risk, and based on priorities established by the President, the Secretary of Defense, and the JCS, the Army establishes the current force structure requirements (the number and configuration of combat, combat support, and combat service support units). Both the JCS and the Army are reviewing this process to ensure that our forces are properly tailored. The heavy and light units provided to the CINCS, as well as their logistical support, have recently undergone significant improvement.

1. IMPROVEMENTS IN HEAVY

FORCES

A standard armored division now consists of about 16,800 soldiers (6 tank and 4 mechanized infantry battalions) and a mechanized infantry division of approximately 17,100 (5 tank and 5 mechanized infantry battalions). Recent improvements in these heavy forces include:

Fielding of the Abrams tank, BFV, and Apache attack helicopter with increased speed,

protection, and firepower;

Redesign of the division support command to provide quicker repair and resupply through a forward support battalion in each brigade and a main support battalion at the division rear area; and

Reinforcement of corps artillery with 8-inch howitzer and MLRS battalions, and the addition of a battery of MLRS as the general support weapon for division artillery. These changes increase both the range and power of deep attack assets.

In accordance with their increasing importance, RC roundout units are converting to these new, more powerful designs at about the same time as their associated AC unit.

2. IMPROVEMENTS IN LIGHT

FORCES

Ten years ago our ability to supply distant commands quickly with combat units was extremely limited. Those units available were equipped with heavy weapons systems, and burdened with complicated logistical organizations. Powerful on the ground, they were difficult to deploy rapidly in an unanticipated crisis. To fill this strategic void, the Army developed the light infantry division.

Today, the Army continues to fill its five light infantry divisions consisting of about 10,800 soldiers each (nine light infantry battalions, three 105mm towed howitzer battalions and one 155mm towed howitzer battery). To maintain a high density of combat personnel under a constrained AC strength, two of the divisions now include roundout brigades from the RC. Elements of the specialized airborne and air assault divisions have completed their adaptation to a lighter design, modified to consider unique mission and specialized training requirements. As a

result we can now project a formidable combat force anywhere in the world within a matter of days.

3. IMPROVEMENTS IN SOF

In FY 89 all Ranger, Special Forces, and AC PSYOP units will convert to new organizational designs. The redesign improves operational capabilities, complements the Army of Excellence initiatives in the heavy and light forces, and takes full advantage of on-going modernization efforts.

The activation of one special operations aviation battalion, two chemical reconnaissance detachments, and the addition of liaison teams to the special operations communication battalion further enhance the Army's SOF. Aerial infiltration, exfiltration and resupply will be improved along with the capability to detect chemical agents. The liaison teams provide added communication links between appropriate command and control elements and deployed SOF. RC units continue to provide 50 percent of the Special Forces, 33 percent of special operations aviation, and more than 90 percent of the PSYOP and civil affairs units.

4. IMPROVEMENTS IN LOGISTICAL SUPPORT

Logistical Unit Productivity Systems (LUPS) studies focus on enhancing productivity and eliminating redundant positions and equipment in transportation, ordnance and supply and service force structures of the AC and RC. As a result of LUPS analysis, many combat service support units are increasing their capabilities dramatically by converting from older manpower intensive organizations to modern equipment intensive designs. Examples of force structure changes which have increased productivity include:

The addition of 6,000 lb. variable reach fork lifts to ammunition companies to speed the loading and unloading of containers.

The replacement of 5,000 gallon petroleum tankers with 7,500 gallon tankers, increasing the hauling capability by 50 percent without requiring additional drivers.

The addition of pumps, filter separators, and collapsible fuel containers to petroleum supply companies to double the daily capacity.

The cumulative effect of such changes is to improve training and readiness while releasing manpower to the new heavy and light combat units.

5. DOD REORGANIZATION

The reorganization of DOD has further streamlined DA staff operations. The DOD Reorganization Act of 1986 affects the Army most directly through Titles IV, V, and VI.

TITLE IV

Army initiatives to implement joint education and personnel assignment policies include:

Increasing the number of National Defense University graduates assigned to joint duty assignments;

Providing a joint professional military education track at the Command and General Staff College and Army War College;

Including joint duty considerations in instructions to promotion boards and school selection boards; and Conducting selection boards for recommendation of officers for joint specialty designation.

The Army continues to work toward full implementation of both the letter and the intent of the law. In order to carry out the intent of Congress and properly develop leaders, the following modifications are needed: Reduction of tour length to three years for field grade and two years for general officers.

Extension of the transition period of joint specialty officers (and nominees) to October 1989.

Allowing full credit for joint duty tours served prior to enactment of the law.

Allowing full credit for joint duty tours which are only two or three years due to geographic locations or the nature of the duties.

Allowing joint credit for those few inservice positions that deal in joint matters.

TITLES V and VI

The Army Secretariat now has responsibility for acquisition, research and development, auditing, comptroller functions (including financial management), information management, Inspector General duties, legislative affairs, and public affairs within the Army. The number of military and civilian employees on permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Army and on the Army Staff will be limited to 3,105, effective October 1, 1988. The new organization is working and personnel reductions are on schedule. Actions are also well underway to effect the reductions in Army military management headquarters mandated under Title VI.

change. Consequently, the fundamentals of our doctrine-disrupting the enemy deep and destroying him in close combat while protecting our own rear operations-will remain valid for the foreseeable

future.

As the Army defines and refines its concepts, doctrine, and materiel requirements for the years ahead, we will anticipate the technology and hardware most likely to satisfy the Army's needs. In defining the capabilities required to accomplish our missions, we also identify the technological barriers to be overcome. This "technology pull" helps focus research and development efforts. Research associated with the Army's aviation modernization program provides a good example of doctrine driven technological efforts.

However, emerging technologies and capabilities can also affect our ability to apply combat power on the battlefield. Examples of scientific advances which may provide a "technological push" to Army research and doctrine include:

Developments in pulse power and electromagnetic guns and an associated increase in lethality could change the nature of our armored force; Breakthroughs in electromagnetic armor and electric arc discharge which could make our vehicles impervious to today's most powerful mines and tank killing weapons;

Advances in artificial intelligence, including expert systems, might provide a powerful new

An electronic warfare specialist aligns an antenna.

approach to automating such battlefield functions as situation assessment reconnaissance, target recognition and battlefield planning;

Improvements in microprocessors, sensors and communications systems which could revolutionize the commander's ability to see and affect the battle.

Because of the rapid and sometimes unexpected nature of technological advances, Army doctrine and "next generation" systems are under continuous review. In this way, the Army actively shapes the future in which it will operate.

C. Plans for the
Future

In concert with anticipated strategy and doctrine, the Army actively shapes its evolution by ensuring that the budget requests submitted to Congress identify proper priorities and programs. Elements of Army planning include:

The Army Long-Range Planning Guidance (ALRPG) is the Army's broad direction for the future. It is focused 10 to 20 years out and guides the Army into the 21st century through analysis of basic trends and influencing factors that are expected to be important to the Army or the environment in which the Army must operate. Based on this analysis, HQDA and MACOMS work to create the capabilities and characteristics the Army of the future will need. The ALRPG is evolutionary in outlook; it provides for technological innovation and breakthroughs where possible, but is closely linked to today's equipment and capabilities.

AirLand Battle Future, now being developed as the Army's umbrella warfighting concept for the year 2004, will guide future modernization providing the basis for evolutionary change to Army doctrine training, structure, materiel, and leader development. First products will be: the warfighting concept for heavy forces in mid- to high-intensity conflict; attendant force design; and materiel transition strategy. The force design will provide a basis for Total Army Analysis 96; the materiel transition strategy will be a major building block for the Program Objective Memorandum for FY 92-96.

The Long Range Research, Development and Acquisition Plan (LARRDAP) identifies technologies being developed to improve the effectiveness of the Army, translating the goals and objectives of The Army Plan into specific research and