betical succession of topics, is more convenient, and at the same time mor scientific." The Supervisory Board of representatives of national learned and scier tific societies, officially known as the American Year Book Corporation, continues actively to assist in the preparation of the YEAR BOOK. The members of this Board, which originally projected the work, remain individually responsible for the scope and content of the reviews of their respective fields; several are themselves contributors; many have coöperated with the Editor in securing contributors; and all have assisted the Editor with criticism and counsel. The Supervisory Board has now forty members, a complete list of whom will be found on a subsequent page, representing forty-four societies. No change in personnel has occurred during 1916. One hundred and twenty-seven contributors have coöperated in the preparation of this issue. All are experts in their special fields, and the complete list printed on a subsequent page contains many names of eminence. The war in Europe continues to dominate the record. The YEAR Book for 1915 gave an impressive exposition of its reaction on every aspect of American life; the pages of this volume reveal influences and effects no less amazing in diversity, and in some directions much more profound and permanent. In the Presidential campaign, the most important domestic event of the year, the war brought into prominence new issues of Americanism and preparedness. In national policy it was responsible for a striking increase in military and naval defense. In foreign relations not even the prospect of a warlike issue of the acute crisis with Mexico obscured the controversies of the United States with the European belligerents in defense of neutral rights. All the reactions of the war in America, political, economic and social, are discussed in this volume with fullness and authority, as are the military operations in the various theatres of war and the course of events in the warring countries. American events and progress in politics, economics, sociology, the sciences, the arts, and the humanities, are comprehensively reviewed, and are placed in their proper perspective by a background of the significant events in foreign countries. The acknowledgments of the Editor are due, not only to the contributors and members of the Supervisory Board, but also to the many public officials, Federal, state, and municipal, who have courteously responded to requests for statistical and other data, and to the readers who have offered disinterested criticism of previous issues. The Editor welcomes criticism and suggestions from any source on the selection of material and method of treatment, or on the more formal side of typography, make-up, and conveniences for users. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK is arranged in thirty-two departments, in which CONGRESS AND ADMINISTRATION.-The Sixty-Fourth Congress, First Ses- sion. The President's Message.-National Defense Act.-Army Ap- propriation Act.-Naval Appropriation Act. Minor Defense Measures. General Revenue Act.-Shipping Act.-Philippines Act.-Child Labor Act.-River and Harbor Appropriation Act.-The Armed Merchantmen tions of Neutrality. POLITICS AND PARTIES.-The Presidential Cam- paign. The Republican Pre-Convention Contest.-Candidacy of Mr. Root. Mr. Hughes and the Pre-Convention Campaign. Mr. Roose- velt and the Presidential Nomination.-Presidential Primaries.-Re- publican National Convention.-Progressive Convention.-Republican and Progressive Platforms.-Justice Hughes' Acceptance.-Progressive Support of Hughes.-Renomination of President Wilson. -Preparedness and Americanism.-Democratic Convention.-Democratic Platform.- Mr. Hughes' Speech of Acceptance. The Candidates and Woman Suf- frage. The Republican Campaign.-Mr. Hughes' Conception of the Presidency. The Democratic Campaign.-Dissatisfied Progressives.- President Wilson in the Campaign.-The Eve of the Election.-The II. POPULAR GOVERNMENT AND CURRENT POLITICS Progress of Popular Government.-Progressive Legislation.-Status of Popular Government.-The Massachusetts Constitutional Conven- tion.-Direct Legislation.-Liquor Laws.-Reform of State Govern- Relations of the United States with European Belligerents.-Submarines and Armed Merchantment.-The Case of the Persia.-The Case of the William P. Frye.-The Lusitania Negotiations.-Armed Merchantmen. -The Sinking of the Sussex.-The Case of the Petrolite.-The Deutsch- land and the U-53.-Attitude of Other Neutral Powers.-Restraints on Neutral Trade.-Retaliatory Action by Congress.-Contraband.- "Trading with the Enemy."- The "Blacklist." -The Economic Con- ference of the Entente Allies.-Interference with Mails.-British Use of Censorship. Retaliatory Action by Congress.-The Allies' Contentions. -Swedish Retaliation. The Appam Case.-The China Case.-American Relief Activities.-Deportations of Belgian Civilians. Relations of the United States with Latin America.-Mexico.-The Columbus Raid.— Entry of American Troops into Mexico.-The Scott-Obregon Confer- ence.-Demands for Withdrawal.-The Carrizal Incident. The Joint Commission.-Ratification of the Nicarauguan Treaty.-Protests of Other Central American States.-Haiti and the Dominican Republic.- The Danish West Indies.-Pan-American Conferences.-International Relations of Europe.-Portugal's Participation in the War.-Italy's Dec- PAGE laration of War against Germany.-Rumania's Participation in the LATIN AMERICA.-General Survey of Conditions.-Argentina.—Brazil.— Front. The Russian Front.-The Invasion of Galicia.-The Conquest of Rumania. The Macedonian Front.-Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula.-The Campaign in the Caucasus.-The Siege of Kut-El- Amara.-Defense of the Suez Canal and Egypt.-The Conquest of Ger- V. THE NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION The President and Vice-President.-Vote for President, 1908, 1912, and 1916. The Cabinet.-Executive Departments.-Independent Bureaus and Institutions.-Sixty-Fourth Congress.-Senate. House of Repre sentatives. Legislation.-Appropriations.-Sixty-Fifth Congress.-Sen- ate.-House of Representatives.-Federal Judiciary.-Diplomatic Serv- The States of the Union.-Area, Population, and Dates of Admission. Charter Revision.-Commission Government.-The City-Manager Plan. -Model Charter.-Home Rule.-Efficiency, Research, Budgets and Ac- counting. Standardization of Salaries.-City Planning.-Excess Con- demnation.-Building Zones and Restrictions.-Country Planning.- Housing.-Fire Prevention.-Police.-Vice Investigations and the Social Evil.-Nuisances.-Validity of Smoke Regulation.-Municipal Organiza- tions.-General Statistics of Cities.-City and County Consolidation.- Legislation.-State Government.-Local Government.-Courts, Attor- neys, Officers of Justice, and Procedure.-National Defense and the Flag.-Education.-Highways.-Conservation.-Health.-Food.-Prohi- bition.-Business.-Parent and Child.-Property.-Judicial Decisions.- Constitutional Law.-Initiative and Referendum.-Property.-Income Tax.-Foreign Commerce.-Full Crews. Police Power.-Foods and Drugs. Billboards.-Courts.-Comity.-Opinions by Divided Court.- Trial by Jury.-Moot Cases.-Equity Jurisdiction.-Elections.-Status. X. PUBLIC RESOURCES AND PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC LANDS.-Oregon and California Railroad Grant.-Irrigation Dis- Public Service Commissions.-Municipal Ownership.-Lighting.-Wa- ter Supply.-Municipal Waterworks.-Sewage and Refuse Disposal. THE ARMY.-The National Defense Act.-Authorized Strength.-Organi- Aeronautics.-Naval Preparedness. XIII. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND THE CONDUCT OF BUSINESS Business Conditions in 1916.-A Year of Unprecedented Business Ac- tivity. Agriculture.-Iron and Steel Trade.-Copper Trade.-For- XIV. PUBLIC FINANCE, BANKING, AND INSURANCE PUBLIC FINANCE.-Federal Finance.-Appropriations for 1917.-Re- ceipts and Expenditures.-Internal Revenue.-Income Tax.-Public Debt. The Treasury Balance.-General Revenue Act.-Income Tax.- Inheritance Tax.-Munitions Tax.-Miscellaneous Taxes.-Tariff Com- mission.-Tariff Amendments.-State and Local Finance.-Budget Pro- cedure.-Tax Commissions.-Income Taxes.-Inheritance Taxes.-Li- cense Taxes.-Intangible Personal Property.-Constitutional Amend- ments. BANKING AND CURRENCY.-The Currency.-National Banking System State Institutions.-Postal Savings System.-Farm Loan Banks. Effects of the War.-Banking Legislation.-Federal Reserve System.-Amendments to the Federal Reserve Act. INSURANCE: LIFE INSURANCE. PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE.-Fire Insurance.— Marine Insurance.-War Risk Insurance.-Liability and Compensa- tion Insurance.-Accident and Health Insurance.-Fidelity Insurance SOCIOLOGY.-Environment.-Heredity.-Adaptation.-Conflict. Assimi- lation. Institutions. CONSTRUCTIVE AND PREVENTIVE SOCIAL WORK.- Social Centres.-Settlements.-Surveys.-Remedial Loans.-Prevention of Tuberculosis. RECREATION.-Administration.-Legislation.-Commu- nity Centres.-Motion Pictures.-Rural Recreation. CHILD WELFARE.- Children's Codes.-The Children's Bureau.-Infant Health.-Dependent AND Children.-Defective Children.-Juvenile Courts.-Child Labor. SocIAL Co- LABOR.-Trade_Disputes.-Boycotts and Blacklists.-Arbitration and Conciliation.-The Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Industries.- The Eight-Hour Day for Railroad Trainmen.-The Clothing Industry. XVII. AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES AGRICULTURE.-The Crop Year.-Value of Farm Lands and Products. -Agricultural Appropriation Act.-Farm Loan Act.-Experiment Sta- tions. Agricultural Extension Work.-Marketing.-Farm Women.- Fertilizers.-Peanut Oil. DAIRYING.-Milk Production.--Coöperative Associations.-Pasteurization.-Cost of Raising Dairy Heifers.-Nutri- tion Investigations.-Milk Hygiene.-Cheese Making in Mountain Dis- tricts.-Dairy Records. LIVE STOCK.-Meat Production.-The Horse Trade. Sheep and Wool.-Extension of the Industry. VETERINARY MEDICINE.-Foot and Mouth Disease.-Hog Cholera.-Texas Fever and Cattle Tick Eradication.-White Diarrhea in Chicks.-Trichina.-Con- tagious Abortion.-Blackleg or Symptomatic Anthrax. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Legislation and Regulation.-Nonparasitic Diseases.-Cereal Diseases.-Forest-Tree Diseases.-Diseases of Fruits and Fruit Trees.- Diseases of Vegetables, etc.-Control of Plant Diseases. ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.-Alfalfa Weevil.-Argentine Ant.-Gipsy Moth.-Pink Bollworm.-Cotton Boll Weevil.-Mediterranean Fruit Fly.-Mosqui- toes and Malaria.-Typhoid or House Fly.-Insect Control. AGRICUL TURAL LEGISLATION.-Grain Standards Act.-Standard Baskets and Lime Barrels.-Seed Inspection Act.-Agricultural Credit and Coöpera- tion.-Marketing Farm Products.-Agricultural Lime.-Inspection Laws.--Agricultural Education. HORTICULTURE. FORESTRY.-Opera- tions Under the Weeks Law.-Fire Protection.-Legislation.-National Forests.-Private Forestry. Wood Preservation. FISHERIES.--New England Vessel Fisheries.-Shad and Alewife Fisheries.-Crab Indus- try. Fresh-Water Mussel and Pearl Fisheries.-Pacific Coast.-Alaskan MINING AND ORE DRESSING. COAL, COKE AND PETROLEUM. IRON AND STEEL. Commercial Conditions.-Ore Treatment.-By-product Coke Oven.— The Blast Furnace.-Steel Making.-Special Steels. COPPER. GOLD AND SILVER. LEAD. Smelting.-Mechanical Feeding.-Gold and Silver- Bearing Matte.- -Lead Sulphate.-Lead Casting. ZINC.-Commercial Conditions. Foreign Markets.-Electrolytic Spelter.-Smelting. General Conditions.-Industrial Failures.-Magnitude of Manufactures.-Control by Corporations.-Large Establishments. Rank of the States. Concentration of Industries.-Geographical Distribution.-Statistics of the Leading Centres.-Basic Industries. -Automobile Industry.-Brass, Bronze and Copper.-Electrical Manu- facturing Industry.-The Textile Industry.-Cotton Manufactures.- |