of state superintendents in New Eng-through a standing committee in the land that the high schools should have more freedom in adapting their curricula to practical local needs. In those sections of the country in which the standard of admission to higher institutions has been noticeably low there is a general tendency to increase the requirements. For example, the South Carolina Association of Colleges in its meeting of April, 1915, adopted a minimum standard of college admission to take effect in 1916. In several states in which the certificate plan has long prevailed, measures have been taken to raise the number of "units" required for certification, or to insure a higher content for each unit. Academic Freedom.-The cause of academic freedom has been signally advanced during the year by the action of the board of trustees of the University of Pennsylvania and that of the directors of Bryn Mawr College. The action in the former case is one effect of the termination of the tenure of Prof. Scott Nearing which excited much discussion in 1915 (A. Y. B., 1915, p. 786). The trustees of the University on Dec. 21, 1915, adopted statutes which preclude hereafter the summary dismissal of a professor. His right to a hearing in his own case is assured by the following provision: A professor or an assistant professor shall be removed by the board of trustees only after a conference between a committee, consisting of one representative from each of the faculties in the university (such representative being chosen by the faculty of which the rep resentative is a member), and a committee of equal number from the board of trustees, at which conference the provost shall preside, and upon a report from such conference to the board of trustees for consideration and action by them. choice and appointment of professors, and for impartial judgments in the case of the proposed removal of a professor or associate professor with opportunity for a full hearing of the case on his own part. Curricula.-The latest extensions of university curricula are in the direction of expert accountancy and efficient civic administration. To a degree the former subject merges into the latter, but it had earlier and independent recognition and has a sufficient content of its own. The American Political Science Association started the movement in this direction some years ago, and new impetus was given by the National Conference on Universities and Public Service held in New York in the spring of 1914 (A. Y. B., 1914, p. 234). During 1916 a Society for the Promotion of Training for Public Service was formed and abundant material for its consideration has been supplied by the reports of two special committees. The first of these committees, appointed by President Butler of Columbia University, has offered а programme for what is termed adequate training "for unofficial public service and non-technical administrative positions." The subjects of the programme are not entirely new, but they are brought together in a new relation and provision is made for practical field work and observation under expert direction such as that of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research. ap The second committee was pointed by President Mezes of the College of the City of New York to draw up plans for a new department of the College to be under a director The action of the directors of Bryn of public-service training. This deMawr College was the climax of dis- partment would contain an intellicussions growing out of the alleged gence office or clearing house for arbitrary authority of the president civil-service positions, maintained in of the college, Dr. M. Carey Thomas, the interests of the students, instiwho finally suggested the appoint- tute a service of exchange of stument of a special committee to de- dents, instructors, and credits becide upon a new administrative tween the College and the training policy. The plan recommended by school for public service and the Buthis committee and adopted by the reau of Municipal Research, and also directors provides for the representa- advise as to the special courses of tion of the faculty on the board of instruction that will fit the students directors, for their coöperation for careers in the public service. Plans for the new type of university extension provided for by the Massachusetts legislature are still in a tentative stage. They embody the latest tendencies in the extension work of the older universities, which are tersely expressed as "state service." The value of university extension and the conditions of fruitful graduate work were the chief subjects of deliberation in the annual meeting of the Association of American Universities which was held at Clark University in November. The expanding scope of the universities and their relation to the public school systems engaged chief attention in the Conference of State Universities held at Washington, D. C., Nov. 14-16. Military Training.-The subject of military training in colleges has been widely discussed during the year, and its introduction is approved by a very large proportion of college and university presidents. President Hadley of Yale University, in commending the effect of the training received by college students in the military camps planned by General Wood, expresses the opinion that if supplemented by a certain amount of theoretical instruction, it might properly be recognized in the requirements for the bachelor's degree. year. A conference of college and university presidents with members of the General Staff and officials of the War Department was held during the|| The committee was appointed by Acting Secretary of War Ingraham, who presided over the conference in the absence of Secretary Baker. As a result of the conference, official authorization for the training in military science of students in 16 of the country's universities was given by the War Department to executive officers of these institutions at the conference. A curriculum will be drafted in the interests of those students who take the military course, the completion of which will enable them to obtain commissions as reserve officers. This curriculum will be made effective, when completed, by a general order issued by the Secretary of War. Miscellaneous Events.-Among notable events of the year was the cele bration by Yale University, in October, of the 200th anniversary of its removal from Saybrook to New Haven. The impressive ceremonies were enlivened by a brilliant historical pageant. The dedication of the new buildings of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in June was marked by a wonderful demonstration of transcontinental telegraphy. Gifts to the amount of $3,150,000 were announced by President Maclaurin. Rutgers College celebrated its 150th anniversary on Oct. 13; the Queen of the Netherlands was represented by Chevalier Van Rappard, the Minister of the Netherlands to the United States. The Harvard Divinity School observed on Oct. 5 the centenary of its recognition as a distinct professional school. The commencement at Fordham University, New York City, was marked by exercises celebrating the 75th year of its foundation. The inauguration of Dr. Henry Suzzalo, appointed in 1915 as president of the University of Washington at Seattle, was formally celebrated on March 20. A few days later Dr. E. O. Holland, a graduate of Indiana University, and formerly Fellow in education in Columbia University, was installed as president of Washington State College. The State University of Iowa, having successfully passed the recent period of storm, enters upon a new era under the presidency of Dr. Walter A. Jessup, who for four years has been at the head of the University College of Education. The new president of the Colorado School of Mines is Howard G. Parmalee of Denver. The installation of Ernest Martin Hopkins as president of Dartmouth College on Oct. 6 brought together a brilliant company of distinguished educators. Dr. Ernest Fox Nichols, the former president of Dartmouth, resigned the position to take the professorship of physics in Yale Üniversity. Unusual interest was excited by the appointment of Dr. William McClellan as dean of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce of the University of Pennsylvania. It commissioner of education in Massais stated that this is the first ap-chusetts, accepted a professorship in pointment of the kind drawn from Teachers College, Columbia Univerthe business world. sity. Dr. Payson Smith, of the University of Maine, was elected to succeed Dr. Snedden. Dr. Abram W. Harris, president of Northwestern University, resigned to accept the secretaryship of the Methodist Board of Education. The trustees have decided to entrust the direction of the university to a committee of the deans. Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur was installed as president of the Leland Stanford Junior University, succeed ing Dr. John Casper Branner. Dr. John Widtsoe has been called from the presidency of Utah Agricultural college to that of the University of Utah. Dr. Robert E. Vinson was installed during the year as president of the University of Texas. Dr. Frank Butler Trotter, who has been acting president of the University of West Virginia since 1914, has been appointed to the presidency. Dr. David Snedden, who for six years has held the position of state Great interest centered in the choice of a successor to the late Booker T. Washington as president of Tuskegee Institute. The choice eventually fell upon Major Robert R. Moton, a graduate of Hampton Institute and commandant of cadets at that institution for many years. Major Moton is distinguished as an orator and writer and is understood to be in full sympathy with the ideals for which Tuskegee stands. The Spingarn medal, a prize to be awarded annually to the colored man or woman who has rendered the greatest service to the colored race, was bestowed upon Prof. Ernest E. Just, a young scientist and professor in the Howard University Medical School. Professor Just has gained distinction for original work in physiology, biology, and zoölogy. PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Statistics of Professional Schools.- departments, which are comprised in Professional education is given in the following summary, the statistics independent schools and university being for the year 1914-15: 1 Includes university departments so far as separately reported. Medical Education.-The year has | case of medical schools the requirewitnessed decided advance in the efforts to raise the standard of both medical and legal education. In the ment of two years' collegiate work before admission to medical studies is now fairly established and will an vous, and similar ailments be given to the University of Pennsylvania hospital. The fund is the estate and increment covered by the will of Anna J. Jeanes, the noted Quaker philanthropist who died in 1908. The latest addition to the number of large gifts for medical education consists of $2,000,000 appropriated by the General Education Board and the Rockefeller Foundation for the establishment of a medical department in the University of Chicago. The University, it is understood, will set aside at least $2,000,000 for the same purpose, will give a site on the Midway valued at $500,000, and will raise a further sum of $3,300,000. medical school will therefore start with an endowment of almost $8,000,000, making it the most richly endowed of its class. probably be in general force by 1918. | that a fund of more than $3,000,000 During 1916, 62 out of 96 medical for the treatment of cancerous, nercolleges were exacting this amount of preliminary training, or had nounced definitely that the requirement would be enforced in the next year or two. The number of state licensing boards that had adopted the same standard was increased from 10 to 17. At the annual conference in February the Council on Medical Education urged that this standard be adopted, and that the medical training itself should comprise a four years' course to be followed by one year's interneship in a hospital. The amendment to the constitution confirming this action will be voted on in 1917. Subsequently the governing board of the American Medical Association took similar action. This body also determined to cooperate with the efforts now being made to save one or two years of the student's time during the period of elementary and high-school education. The fear that the higher entrance standards would prevent poor boys of great promise from studying for the profession is displayed by the increasing number of scholarships to be won by examination, and the larger endowments and public appropriations for medical schools which enable them to keep the fees lower than would otherwise be possible. The The first graduate course in public health was established at the University of Pennsylvania in 1909. Ten medical schools now offer such courses, and the Rockefeller Foundation has provided funds for the estab lishment of a school of hygiene and public health in connection with the medical department of Johns Hopkins University (see also XXVII, Public Health). The extension of graduate medical instruction to localities remote from centers of research is the latest form of university extension in this country and promises to be fruitful in results. The latest experiment in this direction is reported from North Carolina. In this state, since June, 1916, classes of about 15 physicians each have been held in six cities under the auspices of the state Board of Health and the University of North Carolina. The number of medical schools open to women has been increased during the year by the addition of the medical schools of Columbia and Yale Universities. There remain 28 medical schools, including the medical departments of seven state universities, which are not open to women. It is noticeable, however, that the proportion of women students has not materially increased. Fol lowing the precedent of the last two years, several large donations have The movement for establishing a been given during the year for medi- National Board of Medical Examincal research. The University of ers has resulted in the formation of Pennsylvania School of Medicine re- a voluntary national board which inceived $150,000 for the establishment cludes in its personnel distinguished of a professorship in surgical re- experts from the government medical search. Columbia University, Col- services and physicians of high relege of Physicians and Surgeons, re- pute. The first examination conceived $100,000; Harvard University, ducted by the Board was appointed $100,000; Johns Hopkins hospital, for Oct. 16, 1916, and great interest $150,000; all for medical research. is now manifested in the action that The recommendation was also made shall be taken by state license boards with reference to the acceptance of the certificate of this national association. Legal Education. The influences that make for the improvement of legal education in the United States naturally excite less public interest than those affecting medical education, but with the increase of international complications and delicate questions of the interpretation of laws affecting trade and the rights of neutrals, the subject is becoming one of larger popular interest. Meanwhile, through the efforts of the profession itself, especially as exercised through the activities of the American Bar Association, the conditions of legal education have become the subject of investigation, and the requirements for admission to the study of law are steadily advancing. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching is engaged in a comprehensive study of the conditions of legal education in this country and issued during the year, in connection with this effort, a special report by Prof. Redlich of Vienna on "The Common Law and the Case Method in American University Law Schools." Theological Education.-The most interesting movement in regard to theological education is the increased provision for studies pertaining to sociological conditions. These are emphasized in plans for preparing ministers for service in rural communities, in which matter the theological school of Boston University takes the lead. This tendency is further illustrated by the emphasis placed upon training for social service in the International Y. M. C. A. College at Springfield. The threeyear course has been extended to four years, arranged to include scientific and ethical subjects, and provision is made in the curriculum for a special course in modern religious thought, under which head are included the following subjects: the new conception of the universe, the evolution of man, the new psychology, and the new social consciousness. Schools for Social Workers.Among professional schools should be counted five training schools for social workers which confer degrees upon those who complete the course; four of these schools, situated_respectively in New York, Chicago, Boston, and St. Louis, have received grants in aid from the Russell Sage Foundation. The New York School will ultimately be in possession of an endowment exceeding $1,000,000 from the bequest of the late John S. Kennedy. The Pennsylvania School for Social Service grew out of courses of lectures on the practical aspects of social work maintained in Philadelphia. EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS Universities and colleges for whites, for endowment. Medical schools, white. Colleges and schools for negroes. Professors of secondary education.. State agents of rural schools for whites... State agents of rural schools for General Education Board. The cur- the principal of the Laura S. Rockerent annual report of the General feller fund: Education Board covers the financial operations for the year ending June 30, 1916. The income of the Rockefeller fund for the year was $2,065,736, which with the balance from the previous year made a total of $8,278,792 available for disbursement. The Board has added to its functions plans for promoting the investigation of educational problems. The work has begun with investigations of the Gary system and the junior high school. The following were appropriations made by the Board for the year 1916, not including the sum of $8,637.51 appropriated from the income of the Anna T. Jeanes fund and $50,000 from negroes.. Negro rural school fund County training schools for negroes Total.. $900,000 250,000 127,800 34,130 52,300 36,133 10,000 10,000 33,500 25,000 63,993 1,018 10,000 21,500 8,500 $1,583,875 |