Phil., xv, 377), discusses the Germanic | don and Other Poems (Kennerly). idea that mysterious personages have their seats in mountains. In a similar article entitled "Elementargeister as Literary Characters in M. H. G. Epics" (ibid., April, 177), H. W. Puckett interestingly shows that fairies rarely appear in these poems, but that such creatures as dwarfs, giants, mermaids and wild men and women are to be met with in abundance. H. W. Church, "The Compound Tenses in Middle High German" (Jour. Eng. and Germ. Phil., Jan., 1), shows that in general the same distinctions between the perfect and preterite were made then as today. German Texts and Teaching.-In this field another edition of Grillparzer's Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen has been prepared by J. L. Kind for the Oxford Series. An abbreviated edition of Otto Ernst's charming autobiographical novel Asmus Sempers Jugendland has been edited by Carl Osthaus (Heath). Many new editions of short German stories and new German readers have appeared, but lack of space forbids mentioning them by name. The following have issued German grammars: P. S. Allen (Ginn), Paul V. Bacon (Allyn), M. B. Evans and H. C. Keidel (Adams), E. Otto (Stechert), E. Otto and J. Wright (Stechert). In the field of pedagogy O. T. Thwing is represented by a well written article on "Education According to Goethe" (School and Society, April 8, 505). James M. Andress has written on Herder as an Educator (Stechert) and Carl A. Krause discusses his favorite topic, "Why the Direct Method for a Modern Language?" (Educational Rev., March.) A. W. Porterfield has an article on the "Study of German in the Future" (School and Society, Sept. 23,473) and S. Bluhm on "Education in the New Germany" (ibid., Sept. 30, 503). Rudolf E. Rehbach has published a volume entitled Mariae Höllenfahrt und Andere Gedichte (Stechert). In the drama, Charles F. Brede continues his study of the "German Drama on the Philadelphia Stage to 1830" (German-American Annals, xviii, 60), and Louis C. Baker concludes his investigation of the "German Drama on the New York Stage to 1830" (ibid., 3). John T. Geissendoerfer discusses Dickens' influence on Raabe, EbnerEschenbach and other German novelists (Germanica Americana, No. 19). Iola K. Eastburn has treated "Whittier's Relation to German Life and Thought" (ibid., No. 20). An exceedingly able study on "Benjamin Franklin and Germany" has been made by Beatrice M. Victory (ibid., vol. 21). In three well written articles on "Die Deutschen im offentlichen Leben der Vereinigten Staaten 1848-1865" (Germanistic Quart., Dec., 1915-June, 1916), G. A. Betz has sketched the attitude of the German-Americans to the different political parties of the period and their opposition to slavery. Charles F. Dapp gives a biographical sketch of the German printer and publisher Johann Heinrich Miller, who was at one time associated with Benjamin Franklin (GermanAmerican Annals, xviii, 118). Camillo von Klenze has published thoughtful discussion of Die Zukunft der Deutschen Kultur in Amerika (Stechert). The year book of the German-American Historical Society of Illinois also contains a number of articles on German-American relations. a Swedish. That the interest in Strindberg is undiminished is evinced by the appearance of the Plays of the Fourth Series, comprising The Bridal Crown, The Spook Sonata, The First Warning and Gustav Wasa, translated by Edwin Björkman (ScribGerman-American Relations.-This ners), and by a volume containing field is well represented. The war has Swanwhite, Advent and The Storm, produced a large number of lyrics in translated by Edith and Warner this country which have been collect- Oland (Luce). Charles Wharton ed by Irving T. Sanders under the ti- Stork, who so ably translated German tle Aus Ruhmreicher Zeit (Stechert). lyrics for the German Classics of the George Sylvester Viereck, the ablest Nineteenth Century, has added to his of German-American poets, has like- reputation by most acceptably renderwise issued poems inspired by the war ing Selected Poems of Gustav Fröunder the caption Songs of Armaged- | ding, a poet all too little known in this country (Macmillans). Amandus | Sturtevant's “Study of the Old Norse Johnson has issued an abridgement | Word Regin" (Jour. Eng. and Germ. of his larger work under the title Phil., April, 251) in which he traces Swedes on the Delaware. The well its development and change of meanknown essayist Ellen Key is repre- ing in the various Germanic lansented by an article on "War and the guages. Sexes" (Atlantic Monthly, June, 837). A few notes on Selma Lagerlöf appeared in the Bookman (Sept., 37). A number of new poems in Swedish have been published by Julius B. Baumann under the title Fra Vidderne (Augsburg Pub. Co.). Swedish grammars have been written by H. Fort (Stechert) and A. May (Stechert), while A. L. Elmquist has written on Swedish Phonology. Danish.-Andersen's fairy tales never lose their charm and during the year three volumes of them have appeared, one by V. P. Windmere (Rand), and two by Mrs. E. Lucas (Dutton). In the field of the novel, Child Andrea by Karin Michaelis has been translated by J. N. Laurvik. In the drama, E. Björkman has translated two of Hjalmar Bergstrom's plays: Karen Borneman, and Lyngaard and Co. (Modern Drama Series). Under the title Modern Icelandic Plays, Mrs. H. K. Schlanche has translated two problem plays, Eyvind of the Hills, and The Hraun Farm, written by the Danish dramatist Johann Sigurjonsson but situated in Iceland. A. Kildal has given a review of recent Scandinavian books (Nation, April 13). Wm. J. Harvey and Chud Repplen have published a survey of Danish life, institutions and the Danes (Pott). Two Danish grammars have appeared, one by E. J. Thomas, Danish Conversation Grammar, the other by H. Forchthammer, How to Learn Danish (both issued by Stechert). Norwegian.-Ibsen as usual heads the list in this field. His Peer Gynt has been translated in the original metres by R. E. Roberts (Modern Drama Series), his Brand rendered by F. E. Garrett (Everyman's Library, Dutton), and his Kongsem nerne, edited for school use by J. A. Holvik and P. J. Eikeland (Augsburg Pub. Co.). W. E. Jenkins has prepared an historical sketch entitled Before and After Ibsen for the Drama League. C. J. Little has written Bio-culture under the title Denmark and graphical and Literary Studies on Ibsen (Abingdon Press). A. Leroy Andrews in "Further Influences on Ibsen's Peer Gynt" (Jour. Eng. and Germ. Phil., Jan., 51) points out the influences of Oehlenschläger's Aladdin on Ibsen's drama. Turning to Björnson we find that his charming story En Glad Gut has been edited by G. R. Vowles. A study on Ballad Criticism in Scandinavia and Great Britain during the 18th Century by Sigurd B. Hustvedt forms volume ii of the American Scandinavian Foundation's publications. In the field of Old Norse, A. C. Brodeur has translated Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda (Scandinavian Classics, v) and S. Laing has rendered the same author's Heimskringla, dealing with the Olaf sagas (Everyman's Library). Pitt-Kethley has simplified Sir G. W. Dasent's Tales from the North for children (Dutton). Halldor Hermannsson has treated Icelandic Books of the Sixteenth Century (Cornell Univ. Press). A brief notice on the "Literature of Iceland" by H. W. Dresser appeared in Home Progress (v., 295). Philological in character is A. M. A. Dutch.-A Dutch history of the United States, written by A. Meyer and entitled Geschiednis van het Amerikaansche Volk van af de ontdekking tot op Heden, has been published by Eerdmans Sevensma Co. T. G. G. Valette's Dutch Conversation Grammar and his Dutch Reader have been published by Stechert. A brief account of "Flemish Folksongs" is to be found in the Nation (June, 623). ROMANCE LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE BENJAMIN P. BOURLAND American Contributions.-The effects of the war in Europe continue to show themselves in the product of American scholarship in the Romance field during the year, in that there is a dearth of articles the preparation of which presupposes easy and frequent communication with the libraries of the Old World, and a tendency, hith- | erto negligible in this country, to polemic writing on smaller points of interpretation. This latter may be taken to be at once a symptom of a certain sort of maturity and an indication of the difficulty of getting firsthand access to new matter. Still, there has been a fairly large publication of texts, which, though none is of first-rate importance, all have value, and there has been good work in the field of the medieval popular tradition. There has been also not a little useful writing of criticism of the more popular kind. On the pedagogic side, the significant fact has been the continued increase in the study of Spanish, and the willingness, here and there, to make the new interest in Latin-America sufficient cause for the development of work in South-American Spanish, sometimes at the expense of the Castilian. The published work in this special field, whatever its promise, cannot be said as yet to have furnished any great contribution to Romance scholarship. The year, take it all through, has brought neither the completion nor the beginning of any large work. Necrology.-Francesco Novati, born at Cremona in January, 1859, died at Milan late in December, 1915. Professor in the university of Milan, president of the Academy there, coeditor with R. Renier of the Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana, and editor of the Studi Medievali, he was one of the most distinguished and most useful scholars in the field of Italian literature. Alfred Holder, born at Vienna on April 4, 1840, died in January, 1916, at Carlsruhe, where he was director of the Grand-Ducal Library. Among his many and multifarious writings, his Altkeltischer Sprachschatz (1896), and his edition of Saxo Grammaticus (1886) are of importance to Romance scholarship. Giuseppe Pitrè, born at Palermo on Dec. 23, 1841, died there on Aug. 10. He was the greatest authority on all branches of Sicilian folklore. Among his many writings may be mentioned the Biblioteca delle Tradizioni Popolari Siciliane (28 vols., Palermo, 1871-1914) and his editorship of the Archivo per lo Studio delle Tradizi oni Popolari (23 vols., 1882-1907), and of the 16 volumes of the Curiosi tà Popolari Tradizionali (1885-1890). He fought in Palermo, with Garibaldi, in 1860. José Echegaray, born at Madrid in March, 1833, died on Sept. 15. He was distinguished as mathematician, engineer, poet, and dramatist, and served his country at different times as Minister of Finance and of Education, and as Postmaster-General. Of his many plays, written 1875-1900, the best is El Gran Galeoto. Auguste-Emile Faguet, of the French Academy, professor of the Faculté des Lettres at Paris, died there on June 7. He was born at La Roche-sur-Yon on Feb. 18; 1847. He was a learned and discriminating critic of French literature, and a voluminous writer for many periodicals and newspapers. His principal contributions to scholarship are contained in a series of volumes of Literary Studies on the XVI, XVII, XVIII, and XIX centuries, 1885-1900, a book entitled Les Politiques et Moralistes du XIXe Siècle (1899). BIBLIOGRAPHY ALTROCCHI, Rudolph.-"An Old Italian Version of the Legend of St. Alexis." BARTON, Francis B.-"Laurence Sterne (Romanic Rev., vi, No. 4.) and Charles Nodier." (Mod. Phil., BAUM, P. F.-"The English Ballad of xiv., No. 4.) Judas Iscariot." (Pub. Mod. Lang. A880c., xxxi, No. 2.) das Iscariot." "The Medieval Legend of Ju(Ibid., xxxi, No. 3.) "Roland 3220, 3220a." (Romanic Rev., vii, No. 2.) BRONK, Isabelle.-"Notes on Méré." CARNAHAN, D. H.-"Some Sources of OliMod. Lang. Notes, xxx, No. 8.) vier Maillard's 'Sermon on the Passion.'" (Romanic Rev., vii, No. 2.) CHINARD, G.-"Notes sur le Voyage de Chateaubriand en Amérique." (Univ. of California Pub. in Mod. Phil., 1915.) "Notes sur le Prologue d'Atala." (Mod. Phil., xiii, No. 11.) "Early Intellectual Intercourse between France and America." (Univ. of California Chronicle, xvii, 1915.) CIPRIANI, C. J.-"Future and Past Future." (Mod. Phil., xiii, No. 7.) CLARK, Barrett H. Contemporary French Dramatists. (London, Stewart and Kidd, 1915.) COHEN, Helen Louise.-The Ballade. (New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1915.) CUSHING, M. L.-Baron d'Holbach; a Study of Eighteenth Century Radicalism in France. (New York, Lemcke & Buechner, 1915.) ans." lini and His Relation to Goldoni and MATTHEWS, Brander. The Chief EuroMolière." (Mod. Phil., xiv, No. 3.) pean Dramatists. (Boston, Houghton, MOORE, Olin H.-"The Naturalism of AlMifflin, 1916.) phonse Daudet.' No. 3.) (Mod. Phil., xiv, NEWCOMER, C. B.-"The Puy at Rouen." (Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc., xxxi, No. 2.) NITZE, W. A.-"Sans' et matière' dans les Euvres de Chrétien de Troyes." (Romania, xliv, 1915.) CUTHBERT, Father.-The Romanticism of | MCKENZIE, Kenneth.-"Francesco Grise EMERSON, O. F.-"English or French in "New-Mexican Spanish Folk- (New "Studies in New-Mexican Spanish," Part III. (Rev. de Dialectologie Romane, vi, 1015.) FOULET, L.-A Bibliography of Medieval French Literature for College Libraries. Ed. by A. Schinz and G. A. Underwood. (New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 1915.) GEORGE, W. L.-Anatole France. York, Holt, 1915.) GOLDSMITH, P. H.-A Brief Bibliography of Books lics Commonly Called Latin American. Relating to the Repub(New York, Macmillans, 1915.) GUTHRIE, K. S.-Perronik the "Innocent," a Breton Legend. Comparative Literature Press, 1915.) (Brooklyn, HAWKINS, R. L.-Maistre Charles Fontaine, Parisien. (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1916.) HENDRIX, W. S.-The Auto da Barea do LANG, H. R.-"Provençal Dos, Aposta, LANCASTER, H. C.-"Relations between ary. Dante's PHELPS, W. L.-"Browning in France." SCHOELL, F. L.-"George Chapman and series. (New UNDERWOOD, G. A.-"Rousseauism in WARSHAW, J.-"Recurrent 'Préciosité.” ” Translations D'ANDELI, Henri.-The Battle of the Seven Arts: a French Poem of the 13th Century. Ed. and trans. by L. T. Pretino. PETRARCH.-Some Love Songs. (Berkeley, Univ. of California, 1916.) and annotated with a Biographical Trans. Introduction by W. Dudley Foulke. PHELPS, Ruth Shepard.-"A Translation (New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1915.) of Cene da la Chitarra's 'Parodies on the Sonnets of the Months.' ROLLAND, Romain.-Michelangelo. Trans. manic Rev., vi, No. 3.) (Roby F. Hoppin. (New York, Duffield, 1915.) TAMAYO Y BAUS, M.-A New Drama (Un Texts CERVANTES.-Comedias (Obras completas tomo V edición pub31 entremeses. licada con notas por Rodolfo Scherill y Adolfo Bonilla. Madrid, Rodríguez, 1916.) The Poetry of Giacomo da Lentino, Sicil- 764 LOPE DE VEGA.-Novelas a la Señora Marquesa Leonarda. (Reproduktion der Ausgaben von 1621 und 1624 von John D. Fitz-Gerald und Leonora A. Fitz-Gerald, (Romanische Forsch., 1913.) MEJÍA DE LA CERDA, Luis.-"El Juego del Hombre: auto sacramental." Published by Louis Imbert. (Romanic Rev., vi, No. 3.) Li Romans dou Lis. Ed. with introduction by F. C. Ostrander. (New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1915.) "Les Sentiments de l'Académie Française sur le Cid." Published by Colbert ANCIENT LITERATURE AND PHILOLOGY ANCIENT LITERATURE Again in 1916 the chief publication of literary papyri comes from the skilled hands of the Oxford editors. The eleventh volume of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri is given wholly to literary and religious texts, while the twelfth volume will contain only documents. Eleven new classical numbers in all are offered us. The list opens with parts of Hesiod's Catalogue of Women (1358 and 1359). In the first number one fragment deals with the story of Europa, following the tradition which made the Sarpedon of the Iliad the son of Europa and Zeus; the second, more fragmentary than the first, seems to contain the story of the pursuit of the Harpies by the Boreadae. The scanty remains published in 1359 apparently deal with the legends of Auge and Telephus, and of Diomedes and Hyacinthus. Among the most important discoveries are some drinking songs by Bacchylides (1361), but of the 48 fragments only two are complete enough to be intelligible. The first gives us 17 verses in praise of wine, addressed apparently to Alexander, son of King Amyntas of Macedon, to whom Pindar dedicated an ode. The other, of which 10 verses are fairly complete, is dedicated to Hiero. Internal evidence shows that it was composed later than 476 B. C., and that the poet was not in Sicily; it seems also to contain a reference to the fifth ode of the British Museum papyrus. Considerable remains of the Aetia and Iambi of Callimachus have been published already from Oxyrhynchus. No. 1362 presents a new fragment of the former work, dealing with the association of Peleus with the island Icus, and with the ceremonies which celebrated the hero's arrival. Some new fragments of the Iambi (1363) are too scanty to do more than give hope for the future. A notable addition to the early sophistic literature is made by a fragment of the treatise On Truth by Antiphon the Sophist (1364), a contemporary of Socrates. The theme is the antithesis between natural and human law. The writer seeks to justify furtive breaches of the law, and urges that obedience is wholly a matter of personal expediency; a little later he points out that distinctions of birth are entirely artificial. A third century papyrus sheet (1365) contains an anonymous account of the origin and rise of Orthagoras, tyrant of Sicyon in the first half of the seventh century B. C., who has hitherto been hardly more than a name. Some pieces from the epitome of Hermippus' works On Lawgivers, On the Seven Wise Men, and On Pythagoras, made by Heracleides Lembus (1367), give the end of the first book and the beginning of the second, with a subscription attesting authorship and subject. This discovery completely disposes of certain conjectures by the learned as to the nature and scope of Heracleides' work. We have also a fragment (1368) from an unknown romance, which dealt in the usual way with the adventures of a certain Glaucetes. Finally we must name a scanty fragment of an unknown Attic orator (1366). |