a Congress which, with other mat- | her husband. C. A. Wimpfheimer of ters, should insist upon "national" New York contributed $150,000 to rights in Palestine as its chief motif. Mt. Sinai Hospital. The Federation A convention was held, committees of Rumanian Jews, of New York, anappointed for joint action, and as con- nounce the erection of a $200,000 cessions were made on both sides, a Hospital for Convalescents, in memmodified Congress will take place. ory of Dr. Solomon Schlecter. Honors and Appointments.-After a long contest the appointment of Louis D. Brandeis of Boston as a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States was confirmed by the Senate (see I, American History). Abram I. Elkus of New York was made Ambassador to Turkey, in place of Henry Morgenthau, resigned. Col. Charles H. Lauchheimer of Baltimore, of the Marine Corps, was made brigadier-general. Dr. Leo Rowe of Philadelphia became secretary of the American-Mexican Commission. Hon. Nathan Barnert of Paterson, N. J., was nominated as one of the electors for his congressional district on the democratic ticket. Oscar S. Straus was appointed chairman of the Public Service Commission of New York City. Louis Einstein was appointed Minister to Bulgaria. The 80th birthday of Hon. Simon Wolf of Washington was duly celebrated on Oct. 28. Governor Alexander of Idaho was reelected, and Governor Bamburgh electin Utah. Jonas Fischer was elected mayor of Williamsport, Pa. Palestine. One effect of the war has been to direct more attention to Palestine than for many decades, and the government officials during the past two years have been stirred to much activity. While numbers of students who were aliens and expected to naturalize as Turkish subjects left for Alexandria and elsewhere, there has been a steady improvement in conditions, despite the outbreak of typhus. A new railroad has been completed connecting many towns in Palestine and Syria. This has brought a great increase in trade; Damascus and Beersheba have become close neighbors. Railroads radiate now east and west of Jerusalem. Djemil Pasha, the Turkish Governor-General, has issued orders to begin the development of the numerous arid and sandy places; Herr Wied, a German engineer, was appointed to undertake the work. Charities and Gifts.-Among the leading gifts of the year were Louis Marshall's donation of $150,000 for the religious education of girls, in his wife's memory; a further gift of Events Abroad.-In Russia M. $165,000 by the family to the Gug- Weinstein was elected to the Council genheim pavilion of the Mt. Sinai of the Empire and ministerial orders Hospital, New York; the new Barnert gave Jews facilities in non-Pale Hospital at Paterson, N. J., the $300,- towns. On the other hand, official 000 free-will offering of Nathan Bar- circulars charged Jews with disloynert to the city, dedicated Oct. 24. alty, and the "blood accusation" was Other Jewish hospitals, but open to a feature in the pre-Easter week. In all, were dedicated at Boston, Brook- England, agitation arose to compel lyn, Hot Springs and New York. Russian-born Jews of military age to Jacob H. Schiff gave $500,000 to enlist, and the matter is not yet setBarnard College, and C. A. Rat- tled. Baron Reading was given a schesky of Boston $100,000 to a Jew-viscountcy; Herbert Samuel and Sir ish foundation. Julius Rosenwald of Edward Montague reëntered the Chicago and J. H. Schiff contributed Cabinet. In Australia, John Monash, $300,000 for a new site for the Woodbine Agricultural School. The late Andrew Freedman of New York bequeathed seven millions for a Home for the Aged. Henry Kaufman, of Pittsburg, gave a million for a hospital for the crippled of New York, in his wife's memory. Mrs. Isaac L. Rice gave a million to the Beth Israel Hospital, New York, in memory of In C. B., became major-general. Germany has awarded distinction to thousands of Jewish soldiers. France the war enthusiasm of immigrant Jews cooled off, owing to harsh treatment by anti-Semitic soldiers, but the Government refused to lend support to an anti-Semitic bill. Dr. Robert Barony of Vienna received the Nobel prize for medicine. Dr. Yahuda was appointed professor of Rabbinics at the Central University of Madrid. Deaths. The necrology of the year includes Dr. Joseph Jacobs, the versatile author; Prof. R. Meldola, the scientist; Sir Nathaniel Nathan; Frug and Sholem Aleichem, Yiddish writers of prominence; M. Breal, of Paris, the philologist; Dr. Ehrlich, of Berlin, and Dr. Goldziher, of Budapest, brilliant lights in medicine and optical science, respectively; Henry Wolf, wood-engraver; Arthur Mahler of Prague, archeologist; G. Lumbroso, linguist. RELIGIOUS BODIES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 19151 The statistics reported for 1915 | an apparent small decrease, due, show an increase for the year of up- doubtless, to revised figures. One of ward of 1,700 ministers and 653,592 the interesting features of the year communicants or members. Instead was the gains of churches in the of an increase of churches, there was South. a XXIX. ART, ARCHEOLOGY, MUSIC, AND DRAMA PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND HANDICRAFTS WILLIAM B. M'CORMICK General Tendencies.-The year 1916 will be remembered in the history of American art for the number of new art museums added to the long list of such institutions in the United States, together with the many important gifts to these new institutions and to those already established. There was marked development of interest in the industrial aspect of the fine arts, the American Federation of Arts holding an exhibition of industrial art at the time of its annual convention in Washington, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City announcing an exhibition of a similar character, the first of its kind in that institution, to be held during the winter of 1916-1917. This industrial-art movement is one of the many effects of the European war on American economics (cf. A. Y. B., 1915, p. 727). Museums.-Seven .new museums, either complete or fairly well along toward the making, were established in the United States in 1916. Most important of these as an actual entity was the new home of the Cleveland Museum of Art which was formally opened on June 6. The building, which is of white marble and of classical design, stands in Wade Park. Grouped around the rotunda in the center of the building are two garden courts and 15 galleries and the usual offices. At the time it was opened the museum received from Mrs. Liberty E. Holden, of Cleveland, 51 old Italian and Dutch paintings purchased by her husband from James Jackson Jarves, the remainder of whose collection has been for many years at Yale University. In October the museum an nounced the gift of 34 paintings from Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wade of Cleveland, mostly of the European schools with a few British and American examples, and several other art objects. On Sept. 30 was opened at Chester, Pa., the Alfred O. Deshong Memorial Museum, a small marble edifice in the style of the Italian Renaissance, with seven galleries. With the museum Mr. Deshong bequeathed to his native city his collection of paintings, numbering about 250 and representing the American collector's taste of the last half of the nineteenth century. In Memphis, Tenn., was dedicated in July the Brooks Memorial Gallery, a gift of Mrs. Bessie Vance Brooks as a memorial of her husband, the late Samuel Hamilton Brooks. The structure is of Georgia marble, 100 ft. long by 90 ft. deep, and cost $115,000. The Newport Art Association of Newport, R. I., opened a permanent home in that city in July, with seven galleries devoted chiefly to loan exhibitions. Among the new art institutions planned during the year was that of the San Francisco Art Association, which raised funds to purchase the Fine Arts Building of the Panama-Pacific Exposition and use it as the permanent home of the Association. J. Nilsen Laurvik was appointed director in May. Philadel phia proposes to erect an art museum costing $4,000,000 in Fairmount Park, with the idea of providing a suitable place to receive any of the large private collections, such as the Widener or Johnson, should they be left to the city. The Metropolitan Museum of Art received as a gift from J. P. Morgan, were Jr., in February the famous painting | lery in Buffalo, N. Y., in coöperation known as the "Colonna Madonna" by with the National Sculpture Society, Raphael and all the objects of Gothic in which the sculptures were shown art in the Hoentschel collection, both not only in the galleries of the muof which had been loaned to the Museum, which had been cleared of all seum for several years by the late J. paintings for the occasion, but also in P. Morgan, Sr. It lost permanently, the grounds surrounding the building. however, many of the objects in the The exhibition opened on June 17 and world-famous Morgan Loan Collec- closed Oct. 2, the attendance being tion, including 40 tapestries, the Re- beyond all records in the museum's naissance bronzes, the Limoges enam- history. About 800 works els and the majolica ware, all of shown, many of them coming from which were sold by Mr. Morgan. At the Panama-Pacific Exhibition, 168 the end of May the rooms devoted to artists being represented. the Loan Collection were closed temporarily and from them were removed the collection of miniatures and the numerous group of Meissen and Sevres porcelains, together with Venetian glass and Renaissance works in silver and ivory. The miniatures, it is reported, were taken to Mr. Morgan's country home on Long Island, and the other objects were sent to the Morgan Memorial Museum in Hartford, Conn. The new south wing of the Museum, especially built to show the Morgan collection, will be devoted in part to exhibiting the Benjamin Altman collection when completed. The museum received a bequest of nearly a million dollars from Harris Brisbane Dick, a publisher of New York City, and $25,000 from Mrs. Russell Sage for providing a permanent installation for the early American furniture owned by the institution. The Minneapolis Institute of Arts received a gift from an anonymous donor of the collection of etchings of William M. Ladd of Portland, Ore., including 5,000 prints and valued at $225,000. From Mrs. Kate L. Dunwoody was received a bequest of a collection of paintings by American and European artists, and also $25,000 from Mrs. John R. Van Derlip and Dr. Angus Morrison for the erection of an art school. The Rhode Island School of Design of Providence, R. I., received a bequest of $1,500,000 from Miss Lyra Brown Nickerson of that city. A national event of first importance in this field was the emplacement of Paul Bartlett's sculptures for the pediment of the House wing of the Capitol at Washington, typifying Armed Peace protecting Genius, the industries and activities of the country, and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The group was unveiled on Aug. 2. On May 17 the Secretary of War formally approved the award of the jury in the War Department's competition for the Francis Scott Key monument to be erected at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, the winners being Charles Henry Niehaus, sculptor, of New Rochelle, N. Y., and E. V. Warren, architect, of Brooklyn. In August preliminary work was begun at Stone Mountain, Ga., for the proposed colossal sculptured relief which is to be carved on the face of the mountain by Gutzon Borglum as a memorial to the heroes of the Southern Confederacy. Among the statues emplaced during the year were: J. Massey Rhind's replica of the famous equestrian statue of Colleoni by Verrochio in Venice, unveiled in Newark, N. J., in July; Hermon A. MacNeil's full length statue of George Washington for the Washington Arch in New York City, May 28; J. Q. A. Ward's equestrian statue of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, Albany, N. Y., Oct. 7; and Raymond Averill Porter's bronze figure of the Green Mountain Boy, Rutland, Vt., in August. A replica of H. K. Brown's equestrian statue of Sculpture. Although there were an George Washington in New York City unusually large number of works of was presented to the U. S. Military sculpture emplaced during 1916, the Academy at West Point by an anonymarked feature of the year in this mous donor and dedicated on May 19. branch of the fine arts was the exhi- The bronze cavalry group for the Genbition arranged by the Albright Gal-eral Grant monument, Washington, by Henry Merwin Shrady, was completed and exhibited in Brooklyn in February. Evelyn Beatrice Longman's bronze symbolical figure of Electricity was emplaced on the tower of the new Western Union building, New York City, in November. tion and is to be devoted to the purpose of buying local works of art; and the One Hundred Friends of Pittsburgh Art, an organization planning to spend up to $1,000 a year for five years in the purchase of paintings by local artists for presentation to the Arts and Crafts.-There was an public schools. The American Fedunusual and markedly successful eration of Arts, which held its anmovement among the arts and crafts nual convention and exhibition in workers of the United States during Washington, May 17-19, was incor1916, with a broadening of the range porated in New York State on Aug. of their activities that speaks well 14, the directors including, among for the better understanding in this others, Robert W. de Forest, Florcountry of just what craftwork may ence Levy, Henry W. Kent, Cecelia grow to be for the betterment of our Beaux, Charles W. Ames, Charles national art. The Boston Society of Moore and Cornelia B. Sage. At Arts and Crafts had an unusually the annual election Robert W. de Forbusy year, the treasurer reporting at est was reëlected president; Charles the annual meeting in February that L. Hutchinson, vice-president; Leila the sales for the preceding year had Mechlin, secretary; and N. H. Cartotaled $80,000, the largest amount in penter, treasurer. The annual exhithe 19 years of the organization's ex-bition was devoted to industrial art istence. The Society awarded three medals of honor at the same meeting. The Society also revived the custom of wearing special costumes for each branch of the guild and held numer ous exhibitions throughout the year, one of which was that by the Los Angeles Arts and Crafts Club, which sent its San Diego Exhibition around the country on a tour of the principal cities. Massachusetts contributed another interesting exhibition in this field through the annual show of the Hingham Arts and Crafts Society in July, at which were to be seen wooden ware, colonial toys, etc., that are an outgrowth of the wooden ware for which Hingham long has been commercially known. Ecclesiastical objects occupied a foremost place in the interests of societies of craftsmen during the year, Boston having one exhibition of these things, the National Society of Craftsmen of New York City another, while they formed the chief feature of the Exhibition of Applied Arts in Chicago in OctoberNovember. Societies. Three new art organizations were founded in 1916, the direct outcome of the idea back of the Friends of American Art organized in Chicago in 1910. These were: The Friends of the Albright Gallery in Buffalo, N. Y.; the Friends of Art in New Orleans, which is to be a department of the city's Art Associa and continued through June 17, prizes being awarded for jewelry, pottery, iron work, wood carving and book binding. Combined with this was a memorial exhibition of the work of J. W. Alexander in the Corcoran Gallery. The Art Club of Richmond, Va., secured the passage of a bill to establish an Art Commission for the state. The annual meeting of the College Art Association of America was held at the University of Pennsylvania, April 20-21, the general subject of discussion being the study of art in the colleges. Three new members of the national Commission of Fine Arts were appointed by President Wilson in October: J. Alden Weir, Charles A. Platt and William M. Kendall, all of New York City. Medallic Art.-Another effort to improve the artistic qualities of the coins of the United States was made during the year, when, for the first time since 1891, new designs were made for the half-dollars, the quarters and the dimes of our currency. Adolf A. Weinman modelled the designs for the 50-cent pieces and dimes, while Hermon A. MacNeil modelled the designs for the 25-cent pieces. The dimes made their first appearance in October and showed a Grecian woman on the obverse and the bundle of rods and the axe of Roman lictors on the reverse. The quarters show a design of a full figure of a woman |