The site is at the junction of two streams coming from opposite directions to form a larger stream, in the bed of which the drainage canal has been constructed. To summarize the cultural evidence of man's antiquity at Vero, one may say that the pottery, bone implements, including fishhooks, bone beads and flint arrowheads from stratum 3, points to a period that might well have continued down to the close of the prehistoric period in Florida, i. e., till the coming of the European. The same is true also of the human bones from this stratum. On the other hand, of the 25 fossil mammalian (not including man) remains found in the middle layer (stratum 2), ten, including Elephas, Mastodon, the horse, and the tapir recur in the top layer (stratum 3). If the stratigraphy is not misleading, the conclusion is either that this particular phase of the neolithic period in America dates back farther than many had supposed, or else that certain fossil mammals continued to live in Florida until a comparatively recent date.

The chief interest centers in the second stratum. From it a few spalls but no undoubted flint implements have been reported thus far. Although probably produced through human agency, these spalls do not differ from those occurring in the stratum above. While a greater number of bone implements have been taken from the third deposit than from the second, bone points of the same type occur in both; neither do these seem to differ in their chemical state. Potsherds, fairly frequent in stratum 3, have not yet been reported from the stratum below. Of the human skeletal remains there is no difference between those from the second and those from the third; neither do either differ from the Indian bones found in the sand mounds of Florida.

There are to be noted the absence of well defined flint artifacts and of pottery from stratum 2, the presence of both in stratum 3; the similarity of the flint chips in the two deposits; the similarity of the bone points in

ber and variety of bone artifacts, including ornaments, in the third stratum. Thus, in the absence of stratigraphy as a guide, of all the human and cultural remains reported from the second stratum, none would seem out of place in stratum 3. The presence of plant stems, acorn cups and pieces of wood in the second stratum, although by no means so abundant as in the third stratum, nevertheless gives to it an aspect of comparative newness. Some of the leaves in the muck at the base of the third stratum look as if they might have been buried only a few years ago.

From observations made on the spot and a study of specimens sent to New Haven, my opinion is that the human skeletal remains, flint chips and artifacts for the most part probably found their way to this meeting place of waters through the same (or similar) agencies as did the various animal and plant remains; and there has been more or less dovetailing of the two deposits, because of the peculiar location of the site at the junction of two streams coming from opposite directions. If these premises be true, it would be hazardous to attribute any great antiquity to even the oldest human and cultural remains from Vero. It would be more logical to assume that some of the extinct forms found in the second stratum are perhaps derived from an older deposit; that others lived on in that southern clime longer than has been supposed hitherto, and that the presence of the Indian hunter had much to do with the final ringing down of the curtain on the drama of their ultimate extinction.

Antiquity of Man in New Jersey.Recent researches by Dr. E. W. Hawkes, also by Leslie Spier and Drs. C. A. Reeds and Clark Wissler, have brought the question of the antiquity of man in New Jersey once more to the fore. In the Trenton area and elsewhere there seems to be evidence of at least two distinct culture levels: that of the modern Delaware Indians and below it the so-called argillite culture. Dr. Hawkes and Ralph Linton have explored an Indian site near Moorestown, which is believed to throw some light on the comparative

age of these two cultures. Indian implements were found in the humus six inches deep; argillite implements in the center of the next stratum, a layer of yellow sand five to seven feet thick; and at the juncture of the yellow sand with a stratum of white glacial sand were uncovered extensive remains of a ceremonial site, which consists of caches of argillite points and bannerstones grouped in three more or less parallel rows around a great central fire pit. This probably represents the overlapping of a later upon an earlier culture. The data collected by Spier are from the yellow sand or loam in the vicinity of Trenton. About 2,000 specimens were taken from this layer on the Abbott farm. These are limited to but a few forms and point to a simple culture (pitless hammerstones and chipped stone implements of the arrowhead and large-blade types). In sharp contrast with these are the remains of the Delaware in the surface soil above: pottery, implements of bone, shell, and copper, polished and engraved stone objects, notched and grooved sinkers, pitted as well as pitless hammerstones, arrowheads, and larger chipped blades. While only a few arrowhead forms are found in the yellow loam, there are many types among the Delaware arrowheads. Dr. Wissler has applied statistical methods to the mode of occurrence of the argillite culture and concludes that the yellow loam is not a wind deposit but an alluvial deposit.

Canada. The disaster which overtook the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-16, at the beginning of its career, when the Karluk was carried away in the drifting ice (A. Y. B., 1914, pp. 610, 662; 1915, pp. 609, 658), left but one ethnologist to do the work for which two had originally been appointed. Consequently, instead of confining his attention to the archeology, technology, and physical anthropology of the Arctic Eskimo, D. Jenness, the ethnologist, found it necessary to take up also their language and sociology. (See also XXIII, Exploration.)

On the Arctic coast of Alaska the case was different. There the natives build permanent homes of wood, and bury their dead beneath piles of logs. The ruins of their settlements can be found all along the shore. Extensive excavations were made at Barter Island on the sites of three ancient settlements and a large number of ethnographical specimens unearthed, which throw a flood of light on the condition of the Eskimo in this region long before the earliest explorers came to visit its shores. When the expedition was returning south, further archeological specimens were purchased at Barrow and Point Hope; it will be interesting to compare these with the specimens from Barter Island. In those early days iron was unknown; all weapons were pointed with horn, bone or ivory, with flint, slate or, more rarely, jade. The two most important pursuits of the natives were whaling and caribou hunting. Pipes and fishnets had not then been introduced; labrets were found, but whether any occurred in the ruins that appeared oldest at Barter Island has not yet been determined. Fragments of pottery were numerous; in fact the knowledge of how it was made still persists amongst the Eskimo of this region.

The anthropometrical instruments which were lost on the Karluk could not be replaced until 1914. Some 130 Copper Eskimo, all adults, were measured, and descriptions taken of the character of the hair, eyes, cheekbones, etc. Most of this work was done in the snow huts during the winter months, when the scattered bands congregate together on the sea ice. In consequence, apart from the stature, body measurements were unobtainable. Nothing was observed which would indicate fusion with any other race, save that in two or three in

For the archeologist the country of the Copper Eskimo is barren ground. The people are migratory, with no permanent habitations; their winter

New York. The activities of the New York State Museum in anthropological lines are divided into those of research, excavation, museum arrangement, and public instruction. During the year the archeologist and ethnologist has made a detailed study of comparative archeology in New York and has brought together the material for a memoir on the archeological history of New York. A bulletin on the "Constitution of the Five Nations" appeared in print in April. The Archeological Museum has been finally installed and 100,000 specimens are available for study. More than 10,000 are arranged in cases for general exposition purposes. The plan has been to arrange these New York specimens (1) by localities, (2) in comparative groups, (3) according to the uses, and (4) by methods of manufacture. Special attention has been devoted to methods and to the most efficient system of displaying the specimens, care having been taken to give each exhibit a teaching value readily appreciated by the visitor.

The ethnological groups which have been under preparation for some time have been completed and opened to exhibition. These groups depict, respectively, the hunting, military, council, ceremonial, industrial and agricultural activities of the Iroquois. The figures in each group are life casts, and the background paintings, which are 50 ft. in length, are reproductions of historic spots in the Iroquois country. The field survey during the year has been conducted to determine the area occupied and influenced by moundbuilder culture and also to determine the pre-Iroquoian occupation. Special attention has been given to the Genesee Valley and the adjacent Finger Lakes. Some work has been done also along the Hudson, especially the upper waters, resulting in the acquisition of some 3,000 specimens. The archeologist of the Museum received the biennial award of the Cornplanter medal for Iroquois research given by

During the year the archeologist instituted the New York State Archeological Association, which is designed to bring together the amateur archeologists of the state in chapters, the locations of which are to be in all the larger cities of the state. The success of this movement has been so marked that the Lewis H. Morgan Chapter of Rochester alone has a membership of more than 100.

Susquehanna Valley. On May 16 W. K. Moorehead and A. B. Skinner started from Lake Otsego, the head of the Susquehanna River, with an expedition of nine men. About June 12 the party was joined by Rev. George P. Donehoo, representing the Historical Commission of the State of Pennsylvania, and the party proceeded down the river to Havre-deGrace, Md. Three hundred and seventy miles was traversed in canoes and small boats. A total of 2,000 specimens and 57 skeletons were secured and sent to the Museum of the American Indian, New York City. Nearly all the sites were mapped and an arrangement was entered into with the state of Pennsylvania whereby the work will be continued through two or three seasons.

A stone carving of great interest was found at Harpursville, N. Y. It is in the form of a human face, and probably represents a mask, similar to certain types still in use among the Iroquois. At Athens, Pa., a cemetery of Andaste culture was discovered and 57 skeletons were found, together with some whole pottery and pipes representing Andaste culture. From the source of the river as far down as the Wyoming Valley, the village sites seem to indicate historic rather than prehistoric occupation. On Mountain Island, in the lower Susquehanna, a place was found where the aborigines had manufactured banner stones; many of these objects were found and a thorough search failed to reveal other forms in stone. The expedition did not have time to explore the West Branch of the Susquehanna, but a hasty examination of it seems to indicate that Indian sites are far more numerous on the West Branch than on the East or North Branch.