CEMENT (barrels): California. Illinois.. Indiana Iowa.. Kansas 240,442 664,750 5,655,808 44,565 1,225,429 5,805,098 6,159,182 1,545,500 4,459,450 5,083,799 3,127,042 7,219,199 10,872,574 3,623,674 4,233,707 4,559,630 230,686 3,374,836 3,431,142 3,580,287 2,773,283 4,186,236 4,285,345 4,765,294 3,879,542 4,803,338 4,723,906 4,626,771 1,169,212 3,654,777 4,184,698 4,460,027 3,674,800 1,579,173 465,832 2,111,411 3,296,350 5,208,020 5,886,124 5,043,889 4,984,417 13,813,487 26,675,978 28,701,845 26,570,151| 28,648,941 5,075,114 4,503,306 5,401,605 5,156,869 9,595,923 8,145,401 8,394,275 11,866,069 16,111,462 17,678,522 15,593,422 14,927,937 1,447,945 1,934,673 1,905,958 2,234,107 1,836,540 1,652,106 5,244,364 8,826,429 11,973,736| 9,232,510 8,170,559 8,624,980 25,767,981 38,434,363 45,900,246 61,618,744 57,589,197 58,829,576 6,484,086 11,895,252 18,389,815 17,165,671 16,641,132 17,006,152 5,202,939 6,798,609 7,928,120 7,525,936 7,451,022 7,614,143 4,467,870 6,423,979 4,921,451 7,202,210 6,860,988 6,824,474 5,328,964 8,432,523 14,623,319 19,616,600 20,382,763 21,361,674 4,024,688 5,108,539 5,217,125 4,779,839 4,133,547 4,180,477 849,475 1,473,211 1,534,967 1,231,786 1,283,030 1,156,138 3,540,103 3,983,378 2,982,433 4,318,125 3,935,980 3,811,593 1,661,775 1,643,832 2,920,970 3,240,973 2,805,173 2,789,755 1,299,299 1,649,933 3,508,321 3,708,806 3,877,689 3,817,940 18,988,150 25,552,950 34,209,668 36,200,527 18,843,115 22,434,691 1,922,298 2,924,427 2,646,226 4,165,770 3,988,613 3,693,580 57,367,915 77,659,850 84,485,236 91,524,922 90,821,507 88,995,061 79,842,326 118,413,637 150,521,526 173,781,217 147,983,294 157,955,137 3,509,562 5,766,690 7,121,380 6,860,184 5,943,258 5,730,361 968,373 1,200,684 1,892,176 2,429,144 2,323,773 2,088,908 1,147,027 1,332,372 2,517,809 3,254,828 3,103,036 3,108,715 2,393,754 4,275,271 6,507,997 8,828,068 7,959,535 8,122,596 2,474,093 2,864,926 3,911,899 3,877,891 3,064,820 2,429,095 22,647,207 37,791,580 61,671,019 71,254,136 71,707,626 77,184,069 5,602,021 7,533,088 4,014,602 7,393,066 6,475,293 6,554,028 Tennessee. Virginia.. West Virginia NATURAL GAS (values): California. Illinois. Indiana Kansas.. New York. 475,432 468,092 322,756 685,156 1,499,481 1,493,655 2,358,499 3,400,593 364,578 264,127 256,973 1,303,603 780,984 629,807 3,803,850 2,472,752 1,427,962 1,391,446 Ohio Oklahoma. Pennsylvania. PETROLEUM (bbls.): Illinois.. Indiana. Kansas.. Pennsylvania. Texas. West Virginia. 8,626,954 10,521,930 14,667,790 17,391,060 3,490,704 7,436,389 8,050,039 9,195,804 10,215,412 19,197,336 21,057,211 21,695,845 20,401,295 21,139,605 2,959,032 10,075,804 23,816,553 34,164,850 35,076,755 36,424,263 4,324,484 33,427,473 73,010,560 97,788,525 99,775,327 97,915,243 2,159,725 956,099 1,335,456 875,758 1,128,668 2,375,029 3,103,585 2,823,487 6,841,395 12,498,828 14,309,435 18,191,539 1,053,838 902,211 938,974 887,778 9,916,370 8,781,468 8,536,352 7,825,326 52,028,718 63,579,384 73,631,724 97,915,243 8,794,662 7,963,282 8,170,335 7,838,705 8,899,266 15,009,478 20,068,184 24,942,701 9,680,033 9,264,798 c Includes production of Oklahoma. d Included with figures for Kansas. e Includes produc tion of Utah. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MINERAL PRODUCTS, 1900-16 Asphaltum and manufactures of.. 121 291 702 Cement 163 1,484 2,292 4,349 5,822 610 2,143 9,216 13,665| 9,790 12,512 152 426 422 3,345 3,983 5,213 395 401 377 115 83 868 1,640 1,493 1,016 1,341 3,382 3,241 3,781 19,502 29,158 40,512 45,013 65,097 59,921 55,906 65,958 1,233 2,228 3,077 3,300 3,318 2,789 2,304 3,779 1,009 1,338 1,304 1,095 2,958 3,257 220 118,039 133,630 177,497 227,454 299,029 247,779 223,431 612,881 676 443 364 1,470 831 1,075 9,876 581 1,637 1,353 281 57,852 86,225 88,004 103,813 140,164 146,222 99,558 173,946 481 729 589 2,610, 1,117 2,483 413 607 1,082 6,004 609 252 98,115 137,237 152,174 133,693 166,423 9,068 9,524 10,617 1,742 1,763 Plaster.. 16 6 Platinum Salt.. Quicksilver. 16 105 391 283 189 187 653 256 XIX. MANUFACTURES W. M. STEUART ceding calendar year, exceeding even 1915 by 400 million dollars. While this great increase was due in part to the higher prices that prevailed during the year, the balance remaining after allowing for that factor is very considerable. General Conditions.-The opening | prompt delivery of their finished prodof the year 1916 found domestic fi- ucts. The condition in domestic mannances in an unusually sound condi- ufactures was reflected most clearly tion. Funds were abundant for all le- by the increase in the exports. For gitimate industrial requirements and the first nine months of the year the apparently there was no lack of the value of the exports was much greatconfidence essential to the launchinger than for the 12 months of any preand promotion of important projects. There had been a marked increase in activity in many lines of industry during the last half of 1915, and 1916 started with a record production. Forward contracts had accumulated to such an extent that they insured a continuation of exceptional activity in most branches of industry. There were fully twice as many furnaces in blast as on the same date in 1915. The steel industry was sold ahead in excess of all expectations, and all signs pointed to record achievements during the year. As the year advanced the financial situation continued to improve. By June the bank clearings were 46 per cent. greater than in the preceding year, and 48 per cent. in excess of the total in 1914. The unusual activity created a demand for skilled labor that was difficult to meet. The shortage of labor and wage controversies prevented the full running of machinery in some industries. There was a constant tendency to increase wages, and hardly a week passed that did not give ample evidence of the desire of employers to placate their workers rather than run the risk of disorganizing forces, not to mention the inconveniences caused by strikes (see also XVI, Labor). The production for most of the staple crops was short; this and the unusual demand for raw material tended to increase prices rapidly. A shortage in transportation facilities also developed during the spring and summer, and some manufacturers not only found it difficult to get a sufficient supply of raw material, but to effect a The rapid and unprecedented increase in prices of material, demands for increased wages, restrictions concerning the delivery of finished products, and the fact that contracts were effected when other conditions prevailed, made it difficult for manufacturers in some lines to operate satisfactorily, although they were overcrowded with business. Needless to say, the stimulating factor in the rise of prices in most commodities was the almost insatiable war demand. The value of the exports affected by the war for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, was given as $1,163,000,000, as compared with $186,000,000 for 1914 (see also XX, External Commerce of the United States). It was evident that the unprecedented increase was due in large measure to the European demand. The purely domestic business in steel and many other products was slightly, if any, above domestic requirements. The first six months of the year were probably the most active ever experienced by the manufacturers in most of the basic industries. With the beginning of the second half of the year, there was a notable absence of the usual low ebb in industry that usually comes during the summer months. This was due to the heavy expenditures by the Government for numerous articles required to pro vision the troops needed in Mexico or | trading and commerce numbered 13, along the border, and also by foreign inquiries for steel, predicated upon fears that the United States would commandeer supplies of essential munitions. (See also XIII, Economic Conditions.) Industrial Failures.-The prosperous conditions in industry were reflected in the number of failures, which showed a marked reduction from the high mortality of 1915 (A. Y. B., 1915, pp. 332, 516). The following statement shows the magnitude of the failures in manufactures in the different geographic divisions during the first nine months of 1915 and 1916: it shows clearly that the betterment in industrial mortality was very general throughout the country: Number 1916 1915 Liabilities 1916 1915 250 and involved $154,586,707 of defaulted indebtedness, as compared with 17,288 with liabilities amounting to $241,464,060 in 1915. There were 3,226 suspensions in manufactures with $59,214,661 indebtedness, while for the same period for 1915 the suspensions numbered 3,897 and involved $89,698,009. Magnitude of Domestic Manufactures.-All industrial and commercial reports agree that the year was one of immense business, extraordinary activity in industry, unusual demand for money, remarkably good collections, heavy railway traffic, and noteworthy strength in prices. It is evident, therefore, that the value of the products manufactured during the year was much greater than for any preceding twelve-month period of the country's history. The exact magnitude of the operations can only be determined by an enumeration of each factory. The interests involved are so vast and diversified that it is impossible to collect such statistics for the entire country, compile and publish 8,096,777 them until some months after the pe4,784,609 riod to which they relate. The Federal Government, through the Bureau 9,529,441 32,422,774 of the Census, took a census of domes4,030,655 tic manufactures for 1914 and com224,899 menced to publish the results during the fall of 1915, but the general totals for all industries in the entire country were not finished until the summer of 1916. These general totals are summarized in the following statement: New Eng- South Atlantic. 212 324 4,386,016 South Central.. 232 301 5,638,492 Central 594 669 East Central 2,317,765 4,601,828 346 364 4,439,183 5,476,906 Total... 3,226 3,897 $59,214,661 $89,698,009 During the first nine months of the year the insolvencies in manufactures, by individuals and private firms. During the five years intervening between the censuses the number of establishments operated by corporations increased from 69,501 to 78,151, the number of wage earners employed in such establishments from 5,002,393 to 5,649,646, and the value of their prod cember, as compared with the numbers employed in the other months. Notwithstanding the depression of 1914, the statistics show that the net result of the increases and decreases that had occurred during the preceding five years was a decided gain in the magnitude of the manufactures of the country. The value of the products from $16,341,116,634 to $20,177,ucts for 1914 were 17.3 per cent. greater than those for 1909, and the horsepower employed had increased by 20.7 per cent. The manufacturers gave employment to 6.4 per cent. more wage earners during the depressed period of 1914 than during the highly prosperous year of 1909. The average number of wage earners is the number that would be required to perform the work done if all were constantly employed during the year. In some industries, such as the canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables, large numbers are employed for short periods and but a few for the remainder of the year. Therefore, the average does not indicate the magnitude of employment. During 1914 the greatest number of wage earners, 7,242,752, was employed in March, while the peak of employment in 1909 was during November, when 7,006,853 were at work. The statistics reflect some of the important changes that are taking place in the manufactures of the country. The great increase in the number of corporations and the magnitude of their operations have caused an actual decrease in the number of proprietors and firm members which represent the establishments operated 084,844. In 1909 the wage earners employed by corporations and the value of their products formed 75.6 and 79.0 per cent., respectively, of the totals for all establishments. By 1914 these proportions had increased to 80.3 and 83.2 per cent. During the past 15 years the number of officers, clerks, and other salaried employees of manufacturing establishments has formed a constantly increasing proportion of the total number of all employees. This, of course, has been accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of wage earners who represent the producing force. The condition is due in part to the extension of corporations, as the proprietors and members of firms naturally become "salaried officials" of concerns that are incorporated. Another reason, and probably the most important, is the tendency to elaborate the accounting and auditing systems, the employment of salaried persons to develop and exploit improved methods in both the office and factory, as well as in the sale of the products. The following statement is an analysis of the working force of the manufactures of the country, as reported for the past three censuses of manufactures: Of the 8,265,426 persons reported as | 615,509, 80 per cent., were males, and engaged in manufacturing in 1914, 6,- | 1,649,917, 20 per cent., females. |