to pupils who study part time in vo- | prosecution of the same defendant for cational schools "age and schooling shipments or deliveries for shipment certificates" to work in factories, before the beginning of the first proseworkshops, mills, and all manufacturing places, if such pupils are above the age of 14 years. Either commissioner may revoke the certificate at any time without assigning a cause, and nothing in the act may be construed to permit the employment of children more than eight hours a day or six days a week (Ch. 242). In New York the employment of children in connection with the making of moving-picture films is carefully regulated (Ch. 278), and the granting of employment certificates is more closely safeguarded in several important respects (Ch. 465). In Rhode Island also amendments relate to employment certificates, and to physical examinations which now must be made by physicians employed by the state, instead of the state's paying fees for examinations by private physicians as formerly (Ch. 1378). In South Carolina the childlabor law was amended by raising the minimum work age from 12 to 14 in factories, mines, and textile establishments (Ch. 361).

cution. No dealer is to be prosecuted who establishes a guaranty issued by and containing the name and address of the manufacturer or producer, to the effect that the goods were not produced or manufactured under such conditions that their shipment, delivery for shipment, or transportation is prohibited by the act. No person is to be prosecuted if the only employment of a child has been that of a child as to whom, in good faith, the manufacturer or producer procured at the time of employment and has since relied upon and kept on file a certificate showing that employment of the child is not contrary to the Act. The Attorney-General, the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Labor constitute a board to make uniform regulations for carrying out the Act. For the purpose of its proper enforcement, the Secretary of Labor, or any person duly authorized by him, may at any time enter and inspect mines, quarries, mills, canneries, workshops, factories, manufacturing establishments, and other places in which goods are produced or held for interstate commerce. Every district attorney to whom the Secretary of Labor reports any violation or to whom any state factory, mining, or quarry inspector, commissioner of labor, medical inspector, or

The Federal Child Labor Act provides that no producer, manufacturer, or dealer may ship, deliver for shipment, or transport in interstate or foreign commerce any product (1) of a mine or quarry, situated in the United States, in which within 30 days prior to the removal of the prod-school-attendance officer, or any other uct therefrom children under 16 have been employed or permitted to work; or (2) of a mill, cannery, workshop, factory, manufacturing establishment, situated in the United States, in which within 30 days prior to the removal of the product therefrom children under 14 have been employed or permitted to work, or children between 14 and 16 have been employed or permitted to work more than eight hours a day, or more than six days a week, or after 7 p. m. or before 6 a. m. In the case of a dealer the application of the Act is limited to shipment, delivery for shipment, or transportation from the state, territory, or district of manufacture or production. Prosecution and conviction for a shipment or delivery for shipment is a bar to any further

person presents satisfactory evidence of any violation, must cause appropriate proceedings to be commenced and prosecuted in the proper courts of the United States for the enforcement of the penalties for such violation. Any person not complying with the Act is liable to a fine of not more than $200 for each offense prior to his first conviction under the Act, and to a fine of $100-$1,000, or imprisonment for not more than three months, or both, for each offense subsequent to such conviction (Ch. 432, 64th Cong., 1st Sess.).

Factories and Workshops.-In Kentucky the act creating the state Insurance Board provides for a state fire marshal to be appointed by the state auditor for a term of four years. He must all individuals or commit

to read the timetables and ordinary English handwriting, or unable to speak, hear or understand English, or to see and understand signals (Ch. 424). In Rhode Island the law regu lating automatic sliding gates or freight-elevator shafts is amended (Ch. 1351). In Virginia washrooms and toilets for workmen are required, and the administration of the fireescape law is made more explicit.

Hours of Labor.-Four states and

tees of various organizations to advise him in making regulations in regard to safety from fire, and in cities the chief of the fire department must inspect all buildings once every six months and in the fire limits every three months. The fire marshal may prescribe the proper safeguards and fix reasonable standards of safety for the installation of equipment or construction of buildings (Ch. 19). Louisiana makes it a misdemeanor knowingly to permit improperly the United States enacted legislation guarded or defective machinery (No. affecting the hours of labor for men. 146). In mercantile or manufactur- For public employees Massachusetts, ing establishments in Massachusetts which already had the eight-hour day, where the nature of the work makes provided also for a 48-hour week a substantially complete change of (Ch. 240), and in New York public clothing necessary, separate lockers contracts are no longer forfeitable or other receptacles with locks must at the option of the municipality for be provided (Ch. 115). In Mississippi violation of the eight-hour law (Ch. canning factories are added to the 151). For private employments the establishments exempted from the re- Mississippi general ten-hour law was quirements of registration and license amended to permit employees to work (Ch. 95). Passenger elevators in not more than 30 minutes additional New Jersey must within two years each day for the first five days of after the act takes effect (March 22, the week, in place of 20 minutes; to 1916) be furnished with an interlock- permit night workers to work 114 ing device automatically preventing hours for the first five nights of the movement of the elevator car until week, beginning with Monday night, the shaft door is closed and securely and 34 hours on Saturday night, all fastened; a cumulative penalty and subject to the 60-hour week limitadetailed provisions for enforcement tion; and to provide that nothing in and prosecution in case of violation the act shall apply to railroads or are provided. The commissioner of public-service corporations (Ch. 239). labor is to enforce the act, except in South Carolina regulated the making municipalities, where the approval of up of lost time, and limited work to the regularly appointed building in- 10 hours daily on certain interurban spector is sufficient (Ch. 260). In car lines (Chs. 547, 544), while MasNew York several amendments to the sachusetts authorized an investigafire-protection law were made. The tion into seven-day labor in hotels requirement of a fire-alarm signal and restaurants (R. C. 74). system and fire drill in certain factor- By far the most significant reguies was amended by exempting build-lation affecting hours of labor for ings where every square foot of floor male adults was the Federal Eighton all stories is protected with an au- Hour Act affecting railroads. tomatic sprinkler system having two law provides that, beginning Jan. 1, adequate sources of water supply ap- 1917, and until 30 days after an proved by public authorities, and in investigation commission created by which the maximum number of occu- the Act has reported, the compensapants on any floor does not exceed by tion of employees "for a standard more than 50 per cent. the capacity of eight-hour workday" on railroads subthe exits (Ch. 466). In New York al- ject to the Interstate Commerce Act, so it is made a misdemeanor for steam if such employees are actually enor electric railroads to employ, in or gaged in any capacity in the operaabout the operation of engines or tion of trains in interstate or fortrains, an engineer, assistant en- eign commerce, shall not be reduced gineer, fireman, engine foreman, host- below the "present standard day's ler, train-man or flagman (excepting wages." For all "necessary time" in flagmen at crossings), who is unable excess of eight hours (which is de

This

clared to be "a day's work and the | be evidence of such knowledge or of lack of ordinary care on his part or of negligence on the part of the company (Ch. 458).

amendments, reduces the waiting period for compensation from two weeks to ten days. New Jersey establishes a Workmen's Compensation Aid Bureau in the Labor Department to assist in administering the law (Ch. 54). New York adds several new occupations to those covered by the act, provides for elective acceptance in non-hazardous callings, allows awards for facial or head disfigurement, and slightly increases the compensation scale at certain points, while the fund for additional payments for permanent total disability sustained after partial disability is provided by the payment of $100 by insurance carriers for every case of death where there is no legal dependent (Ch. 622). Louisiana also amends its law in several respects, including compensation for serious disfigurement; the time for giving notice of accident is extended and in many other respects the act is made more liberal (No. 243). In Maryland the definition of "miner" is extended and compensation is allowed to alien, non-resident, dependent widows, children, and parents; among several other amendments, intoxication must be the sole cause of an accident if an employee is to lose compensation (Ch. 597).

of arbitration created have the usual powers of investigation but not the power to enforce findings. In Maryland it is made the duty of the state Board of Labor and Statistics "to do all in its power to promote the voluntary arbitration, mediation, and conciliation" of industrial disputes. The Board may, subject to the approval of the governor, appoint boards of arbitration and provide for their necessary expenses and for reasonable compensation to the members (Ch. 406). In Massachusetts the law prohibiting advertisements for laborers in establishments where there is a strike was amended to require a hearing on three days' notice before the determination of whether or not business is being carried on in a normal manner (Ch. 89). The enforcement of this law was transferred from the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration to the state Board of Labor and Industries (Ch. 143). In South Carolina a Board of Conciliation for investigation and arbitration of industrial disputes and strikes, composed of three members appointed by the governor for six-year terms, was created. Compensation is fixed at $10 a day to each member actually employed in the performance of his duties, in addition to traveling expenses. One member shall be an employer, one a member of a recognized labor union, and the third shall be appointed on recommendation of the other two (Ch. 545).

measures

The Federal Workmen's Compensation Act for employees of the United States Government now ranks among the most liberal laws of the world. It displaces the inadequate measure of 1908 and applies to all the halfmillion civil employees. It provides Unemployment. Few compensation on a scale of two-thirds were enacted in the field of unemployof wages, not exceeding $66.67 a ment, and no progressive new features month, for the total period of dis- were developed in the legislation of ability, with a waiting period of only 1916. The Virginia statute regulatthree days and with all necessary ing private employment offices was remedical care. The Act is to be ad- enacted with several changes. Agenministered by a Federal Employees' cies must be licensed, a register must Compensation Commission, consisting be kept as prescribed by law, and of three members appointed by the fees are limited and regulated. The President at annual salaries of $4,- commissioner of labor enforces the 000. An appropriation of $550,000 act and makes needed rules and reguwas made for the year 1917. (Ch. lations (Ch. 168). The activities of 458 and P. 272, 64th Cong., 1st Sess.; "labor agents" are also strictly reguin effect Sept. 7, 1916.) (See alsolated (Ch. 517). In Maryland and XIV, Property and Casualty Insurance.)

Trade Unions and Trade Disputes. -Only three states enacted legislation affecting the conduct and settlement of trade disputes. The boards

in New Jersey the operation of public employment offices was made one of the functions of the reorganized labor departments, and New York created a Bureau of Farm Settlement in the Department of Agriculture