Federal, State and Total Expenditures (FY 1961 thru FY 1971)

Question 11. On Page 13 you list requirements for grantees of construction grants to include "measures to establish or acquire adequate legal, institutional, managerial and inancial capability for meeting foreseeable future needs with respect to operation, maintenance, expansion and replacement of the treatment works." Implicit in this, if to be effective, are land use controls-similar to the use of land use controls authorized in the Clean Air Amendments last year-and I would like to explore your intent a little bit. Are you suggesting that before Federal monies are awarded, the grantee must asure that there will be no development permitted that will exceed the capacity of the treatment facility unless an increase in capacity is provided for in such development? This type of measure is extremely important in its implications and in no small measure, your agency will be involved in land use-in fact, possibly the primary agency-yet I am disturbed that so little attention is paid-even within the Administration to E.P.A. as a land-use agency.

Answer. The Environmental Protection Agency is now planning to promulgate regulations designed to limit connections to a collection and treatment plant beyond the capacity of such treatment system in order to adequately treat the Wastes to meet water quality standards, enforcement actions, and State and local

requirements. Such limitation would, in effect, serve as a form of controlling the land use and development. Many States are already instituting such measures within their own jurisdictions.

We believe that planning for adequate sewerage services must be an integral element in land use planning. We do not believe that the municipal sewerage system should be used as a land use development device, Therefore, we are encouraging the incorporation of sewerage system design, at the earliest possible stage, in land use planning.

Question 12. There is no question that the U.S. can regulate the discharge into any area of the ocean of any waste generated in this country. However, the regulation of discharge of waste of other origin beyond 12 miles is non-existent and beyond 3 miles tenuous without even considering the difficulties of surveillance and enforcement. What initiatives do you foresee in this area?

Answer. Section 10 of the bill would require the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Administrator, to "seek international action and cooperation to ensure protection of the marine environment . . ." The subject of international initiatives was discussed by Chairman Train of the Council on Environmental Quality in his testimony before this Subcommittee on March 26, 1971, at Rehoboth Beach, Delaware.

Question 13. How do you recommend that land use controls be incorporated in State implementation plans?

Answer. Certain uses of land seriously affect water quality. These land use problems include agricultural runoff (irrigation and feedlot) leading to increased levels of bacteria, nutrients, taste, odor, temperature, turbidity and pesticide, etc., residues; acid mine drainage causing chemical pollution and sedimentation, construction causing high turbidity, and erosion. Accelerated runoff from paved or other impermeable surfaces also adversely affects water quality. A common characteristic of these varied land uses is that they result in difficult to control non-point discharges.

The Environmental Protection Agency has jurisdiction to protect the nation's waters through the development and enforcement of water quality requirements rather than through direct control over land usage. When water quality fails to meet established water quality criteria or other appropriate measures of quality, the causes of the failure are analysed and correctional programs are implemented wherever possible. Water quality standards accordingly include implementation plans which list all municipal and industrial sources discharging to waters covered by the standards and prescribe schedules for the construction of waste treatment facilities or other means of pollution abatement.

Control of pollution from non-point sources presents exceptional technical problems. As the first step to a solution, each non-point source must be identified by inclusion on the implementation plan of the State where the discharge occurs. Thus, implementation plan listings will be expanded to include all discharges, point and non-point.

Identification of all discharges will bring existing problems into focus. Where the technology exists for abatement, sources will be requested to schedule correc tion as soon as practicable. In addition, Federal and State authorities will be able to develop schedules for sources not currently susceptible of abatement as soon as increased information and advancing technology permit.

SENATOR COOPER ON BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY

Question 14. In your proposal you would authorize the establishment of "bes available technology" for new effluent sources. How far, in your judgment, are we from technology that is basically closed-cycle as far as water effluents are concerned?

Answer. The technology exists to provide closed-cycle waste recirculation and recovery for most industrial wastes. We are now attempting practical applicatio of this technology to specific wastes. The principal problem to be solved is makin the application economically feasible. Attached is a listing of projects currentl funded by EPA which deal with this technology.

TABLE L-INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECTS INVOLVING CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS, WATER REUSE, OR PRODUCT RECOVERY

040 FKS

040 FES

360 FDS

360 FAK

360 DXF

06C EHU

B 15:0163

60 EZY

SCENT

06C EDZ

Sludge disposal and material recovery S. D. Warren Co... Pigments recovery and reuse.

Pilot plant installation for use of fungi Green Giant Co..
imperfecti on vegetable wastes.

TABLE 1.-INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECTS INVOLVING CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS, WATER REUSE, OR PRODUCT RECOVERY-Continued

1. Technical Considerations.-The alternatives in wastewater treatment are shown in summary flow diagram below.

The alternatives shown primarily consist of:

a. Wastewater Treatment (as required to abate pollution to meet water quali standards)

(1) for discharge (to meet necessary water quality criteria)

(2) for reuse (to meet industrial water quality demands to conserve wa and offset cost of treatment)

b. In-plant Measures (to reduce pollutants and water discharge)

(1) Operational (housekeeping techniques and manufacturing procedu (2) Design (to permit reuse, to reduce wastewater generation)

c. Residue Treatment

(1) Input net recovery (to reduce gross disposal, utilizes values)

(2) Residue stabilization (to meet environmental standards)

d. Combined ***

(1) Joint treatment (to utilize scale factors, off-peak capacity, synergi effects)

(2) Others (combined a-b-c methods as appropriate)

A staff analysis and summary of the pending water pollution le lation and the text of each bill follows:

WATER POLLUTION LEGISLATION PENDING BEFORE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION

S. 75 (Senator NELSON)-Detergent Pollution Control Act*

The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall issue standards of water eutrophication ability, biodegradability, toxicity, and of effects on the public health and welfare which must be met by all synthetic detergents. It shall be unlawful after June 30, 1973, for any person to import or manufacture any detergent not in compliance with these standards. Federal assistance is provided to accelerate the development and manufacture of detergents that are pollution free.

S. 192 (Senator NELSON)- Marine Pollution Control Act

After June 30, 1975, no citizen of the United States shall dispose of refuse materials originating within the U.S. into the Great Lakes, the coastal waters of the U.S., or the high seas without a permit from the Administrator of the EPA with concurrence of the Council on Environmental Quality.

S. 280 (Senator NELSON)-National Lakes Preservation Act

Establishes a National Lake Areas System to preserve, protect, and make accessible the lake areas of the Nation (to be composed of both federally administered lake areas and lake areas administered by the States). The Secretary of the Interior shall conduct a nationwide study of lake areas considering resource, economic, recreational, agricultural, and industrial values to establish the most appropriate means of preserving and protecting such areas. The Secretary is authorized to issue regulations governing the public use of Federal lake areas. The Secretary shall support, assist, and encourage programs, including grants and contracts, of lake and lake area research, Livestigation, and experiments.

S. 281 (Senator NELSON)-amends Water Pollution Control Act* Protects the navigable waters of the United States from further pollution by requiring that pesticides manufactured for use in the Ucated States or imported for use in the United States comply with certain standards of biodegradability and toxicity. It shall be unlawful after June 30, 1973, for any person to import or manufacture pesticides which do not comply with these standards.

S. 523 (Senator MUSKIE)-National Water Quality Standards Act Authorizes a five year national program of $25 billion for the construction of waste treatment plants to improve and achieve more efficient waste treatment. The Administrator of the EPA shall issue standards to protect and enhance the existing quality of all waters. These standards shall apply to all navigable waters and their tributaries and must be adopted with a statutory deadline and attained *Will be subject of later hearing.