Socialism and Eunomics. Socialism, as distinct from the Socialist movement, and as defined by people like August Bebel, Belfort Bax, and Karl Marx, has somewhat asserted that "Socialism has been well described as a new conception of the world, presenting itself in industry as co-operative Communism, in politics as international Republicanism, in religion as atheistic Humanism; and that as soon as we are rid of the desire of one section of the society to enslave another the dogmas of effete creeds will lose their interest." There is another point of view-that of social science—which, for want of a better word, may be called "eunomics." It begs to point out that the most of the so-called evils that Socialism wants to stamp out are merely expressions of human nature. They always existed, and will exist in all times to come.-Richard Dana Skinner, Forum, February, 1914. B. D. Bн.

The Labor Movement.-The labor movement at its best is the revolt of the human order against the economic order. It depends for its success on the moral intelligence of the people; it draws its support from the steady, careful, sober, and thinking sections of the working class. If the nurture of that class be neglected, social stagnation follows and the working-class ideals are lowered. As a matter of historical fact, this Labor party in England has been the most potent influence in revising spiritual aspirations among their people. Therefore, if the church cannot retain the confidence of the active spirits in the Labor and Socialist movement, it will cut itself off more and more from the spiritual life of the people.-J. Ramsay MacDonald, Constructive Quarterly, December, 1913. J. E. E.

The Modern Man's Religion.-As a matter of fact, a consideration of the "state of religion" in our present day is no longer a mere courtesy to constituted religion, but is a necessary logical preliminary to sociological reconstruction as such. The negative aspects of the religion of today are: (1) indifference to the idea of immortality; (2) impatience of authority of every kind; and (3) neglect of religion in its ecclesiastical forms. The positive and virile attitudes in modern religion are: (1) the doing of that which is practically possible for the increase of order and happiness in the world; (2) the pity for the needy and fellow-feeling for the one who has fallen by the wayside; (3) the supreme optimism which can scarcely be called anything but typical of these times; and finally (4) the modern man's religion is social in its ways of expressing itself. John E. LeBosquet, Harvard Theological Review, January, 1914. J. E. E.

Conservatism and Morality.-Conflict between progressive and conservative thought arises largely through a difference in viewpoint, although it is to be regretted that in numerous instances the conflicting opinions are due to sentiment, prejudice, bad logic, or a false, unwarranted conservatism, as also immoderate radicalism. These facts lead many thinkers to adopt a dualistic world-conception. True conservatism at all times is commendable, but when it approaches the extremity of denying the future competence to achieve what the past has achieved, then it approaches prejudiced intolerance. But the important point here sought is the unimpeachable fact that moral conduct is a question of adaptability to dominating conditions. In no other realm, than in the domain of morals and precepts, can science do greater service for man; and if permitted it becomes the defender of true ethics and religion.-T. T. Blaise, Open Court, February, 1914. J. E. E.

Present-Day Aims and Methods in Studying the Offender.-The offender is out of line with social requirements. Adjustment must come through self-directed or external control. Present legal processes, supposed to aid in this adjustment, are unscientific; they do not use contributions of other sciences explaining criminal phenomena. Their attempt toward adjustment ceases when the offender leaves the prison and he is left worse off than before. The new methods of studying (the) offender aim to work out a science of causes and results that will deal with predictabilities as any other science of dynamics, and thus solve the problem of individual adjustment and throw light on situations provocative of crime. These methods are intensive, inductive, seeking facts about the whole individual and avoiding metaphysi cal theorizing about free will and determinism. The field of study includes sobiologi-s cal, medical, and psychological facts. The predictabilities achievable by careful

study are: (1) necessity for segregation of mental defectives; (2) discovery of physical defects as causes; (3) discovery of specialized mental defects and peculiarities; (4) discovery of mental habits leading to delinquency; (5) discovery of unsuspected vocational aptitudes, i.e., that certain individuals must have certain types of work in order to have healthy mental life; (6) discovery of mental conflicts and repressions, so little understood; (7) knowledge of environmental conditions. These can furnish the only sound basis for social predictability and treatment.-William Healy, M.D., Journal of American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, July, 1913.

F. S. C.

The Evolution of the Social Conscience toward Crime and Industrialism.— Danger to society does not lie in the weaklings of the extreme poor or of the extreme rich but in the conflict of capable men against capable men. A complete victory for either side would spell its own defeat as well as the paralysis of the whole state. Both sides are fighting for the same principle: a just division of the spoils of industry. Some have considered the present condition as static; but evolution still operates. Under a policy of laissez faire no public check was put upon acts of violence. But in a highly organized society tyranny and oppression necessitate interference. So we are building up our industrial law today, as is shown by the history of acts for the regulation of the economic conflict. But the greatest danger of the solution of the problem along this line lies in holding too low a conception of the ideals of industry. The new industrialism may now lack the finer qualities of the older institution whose place it has taken, but our industrialism is new and the moral consciousness will soon develop.-E. H. Jones, Hibbert Journal, October, 1913. J. B. A.

The Doctrine of Evolution and Anthropology. The historical as opposed to the evolutionary view of anthropology is quite justified in its assertion that the science of anthropology is primarily a science of culture, by which is meant something objective, that is, distinct from the individual. Anthropology, thus defined, attempts to establish the hypothesis that all races of men belong to one species; the race-differences being variations within the species. All men are organically equal. Besides, there are no grades of human progress.-Clark Wissler, Journal of Religious Psychology, July, 1913.

V. W. B.

Heredity, Environment, and Social Reform.-To what extent either heredity or environment is responsible for the efficiency or non-efficiency of society is yet an unsettled problem. Yet nobody will deny that the individual's size, stature, and many other physical characteristics are due to heredity. The study of the family histories shows that children of defective parents are susceptible to certain diseases and insanity. Social reform must consider the problem of heredity seriously and proceed to make the environment such as will not permit defective heredity to influence the life of the future generations.-A. F. Tredgold, Quarterly Review, October, B. D. BH.

1913.

Is Religion an Element in the Social Settlement?-The settlement disavows being in any sense a substitute or rival of the church or mission. The settlement stops short of where the church begins its distinctive work. While the functions of the settlement and of the church are so distinct that neither can fulfil the purpose of the other, yet each supplements the other. The religion of relationship to God as Father and to fellow-men as brothers is seen in (1) the respect for each one's religious convictions and preferences; (2) a common though always voluntary expression of religious fellowship is offered by silent or oral "grace" at the table and at "vespers"; (3) the active co-operation with all the churches and clergy of the community.Graham Taylor, Religious Education, October, 1913. J. B. A.

The Churches and Social Sentiment. Prompted by the newly developed social sentiment, the evangelical churches in the United States have lately manifested some desire to unite in good work. This disposition finds expression in the principles adopted by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. Sixteen separate propositions are set forth concerning current social problems. Some of the

principles are axiomatic but vague; some are lacking in precision and suggest no specific action; some are grossly exaggerated though of good tendency; and some, mischievous because they suggest forms of collective action which are distinctly demoralizing to individual workers. "Proper" social conditions must be defined before recommendations for improvement can be of use. In addition to the traditional training of the minister, has come a professional study of subjects adapted to prepare him for social service so that he may lead his church in acquiring new truth about human society through a thorough study of existing conditions and of the most promising remedies.-Charles William Eliot, Harvard Theological Review, October, 1913. J. B. A.

A Study of Still-Births in the Cities of France, 1896 to 1905.—In making a study of the causes of national depopulation in France a factor which must be considered is that of the still-born. The figures given here have been taken from the official registers of the cities investigated, being reported in two ways: (1) in actual numbers of still-births during the decade under consideration; and (2) in the proportion of these, year by year, to the number of recorded births. Under the first classification, we find the number of still-births per 10,000 of population to vary from 1896 to 1905, in Paris, from 218 to 173; in cities above 100,000, from 170 to 143 during the same interval; in cities of 30,000 to 100,000, from 147 to 123; in cities of 5,000 to 30,000, from 129 to 109. Under the second, we find the number of births reported for each still-birth, in the same decade, to vary in Paris from 97 to 89; in the second group of cities, from 71 to 61; in the third class, 93 to 58; in the fourth class, from 56 to 52. The interpretation of the significance of these figures shall be left to another occasion.-Dr. Chambrelent, "Étude sur la morti-natalité dans les villes de France, pendant la période décennale, de 1896 a 1905," La revue phil., December 15, 1913. E. E. E.

The Weaknesses of International and Social Arbitration.-Hyper-legality is a great obstacle to the accomplishment of arbitration between individuals. Civil procedure, with its interminable delays and minutiae of complexities, dominates the process entirely too much. The same is true of international arbitration. The problem is complicated by the confusion of juridical affairs with those of other sorts. Public attention is diverted from the actual issue at hand by the intricacies of legal exactions. And as regards arbitration applied to social conflicts, it is yet in a chaotic state.-M. T. Baty, "Les insuffisances de l'arbitrage international et social," La paix par le droit, October 10, 1913. E. E. E.

The Responsibility of the Parents of Delinquent or Criminal Children.-One cause of much juvenile delinquency is bad parents; another is "incomplete families." Thus out of one hundred children committed for correction only thirty-six had both parents living together. Again, many children of fourteen or fifteen years live away from home. Many others are allowed to loaf in the streets instead of being required to go to school. In still other families the parents rid themselves of the economic burden of their children as soon as possible. This is a cause of the rural exodus of the young to the cities, where the girls are led into prostitution. Parents are less careful than formerly of their children in the conversations they hold before them. Among the working classes labor absorbs the whole day of the parents; among the leisure classes luxury and the acquisition of means for luxurious living keep the parents from caring properly for their children. Love between parent and child is declining. Some parents even make use of judicial correction of children to get rid of them.-P. Kahn, "La responsabilité des parents des enfants délinquents ou criminels?" Bulletin de l'institut général psychologique, July-October, 1913.

R. H. L.

On Allaying Labor Conflicts.-As a result of evolution the labor contract itself has become an object of legislation, indeed one of the most important. Groups of employers and of laborers constitute elements that the legislator must take into account. The law about labor contracts becomes inadequate and must give place to a law of collective contract of labor. It is difficult, however, to enact legislation providing guaranties for the execution of this contract by both the parties to it. Collective contracts are not an absolute remedy for labor conflicts, but tend to diminish them.

As a step toward a general law of conciliation and arbitration, conciliation and arbitration in case of conflict should be imposed upon all who shall make collective contracts. In the Hubert bill provision is made for the establishment of commissions on labor troubles and for regulation by the intervention of a third party. Under present conditions, compulsory arbitration cannot be realized; the law limits itself, therefore, to facilitating conciliation. Other countries have laws of collective contract, conciliation, and arbitration which are effective. The United States and the English colonies furnish striking instances of laws on arbitration and conciliation, and European countries furnish instances of collective contracts. In Denmark, however, arbitration has proved successful. European public opinion, generally, is not favorable to official intervention in labor conflicts.-Arth. Oliviers, "Vers l'apaisement des conflits du travail," Revue sociale catholique, October, 1913.

R. H. L.

On Allaying Labor Conflicts.-In Denmark there has been a spontaneous development of arbitration and conciliation in response to social needs. No serious criticism has been brought against their operation. It is significant that here arbitration is not compulsory. Since social justice is an adaptation to social needs, and since arbitration in practice proves to be an effective device for this purpose, the writer believes that it constitutes a real step in social progress.-Arth. Oliviers, "Vers l'apaisement des conflits du travail," Revue sociale catholique, November, 1913. R. H. L.

Some Unforeseen Obstacles to the Peace Movement: Its Actual Limits in Europe. Two great obstacles to the thoroughgoing adoption of arbitration for all national differences are: first, the fact that national boundaries do not coincide with ethnic lines leads to difficulties which are called international by some countries but are as insistently declared national problems by others. Those countries declaring them to be national problems naturally oppose international interference through arbitration. The second obstacle is the great reluctance of countries having colonies to submit differences between themselves and their colonies or differences between the colonies of different nations to arbitration courts in which other nations than those involved are represented. Closely allied with this is the great difference in the political power of the greater and smaller nations which brings about a great inequality in treatment even though it is given the semblance of justice.-Raoul de la Grassiere, "Des obstacles imprévus au pacifisme: ses limites actuelles devant la carte de l'Europe,' Revue internationale de sociologie, January, 1914. F. S. C.

The Segregation of the White and Negro Races in Cities.-The latest development of legalized race distinctions is the segregation of the white and black races as to residence in cities. There are four types of segregation ordinances now in use: (1) the Baltimore type applies only to all-white and all-negro blocks and does not legislate for blocks where both whites and blacks live. (2) The Virginia type permits the town to divide its territory into "segregation districts" and to designate which is for white and which is for black. It is then unlawful to mix the races in a district. (3) The Richmond type legislates for the whole city. The block is white where the majority are white and black where the majority are black. (4) The Norfolk type also applies to mixed as well as to all-white and all-black blocks, but the color of the block is determined by the ownership as well as by the occupancy of the property thereon.-Gilbert T. Stephenson, South Atlantic Quarterly, January, 1914. V. W. B.

Woman and Morality.-Woman's maternal functions, which have demanded so much self-denial of her from the very primary stage of her organism, have deprived her of many of the qualities which have gained for her the subordinate place in the state organizations. In the modern conflicts of woman the protagonists of “equality" find enough reasons to believe that she would, in the near future, occupy a better position than she ever did in the past. However, they should not fail to notice that this change in the social order is bringing a certain amount of moral retrogression. The "woman's movement" is a one-sided attempt to elevate woman.-Mrs. Archibald Colquhoun, Nineteenth Century and After, January, 1914. B. D. Bн.

Continuation Schools in England and Germany. Any contrast between Germanic progress and the present-day conditions of England becomes very vivid and real when we study the educational systems of these countries. The continuation schools of Germany have more influence than the few scattered night schools of England. It is high time for the people of the mother-country to think of empowering the government to make the attendance in these schools compulsory. The employers should co-operate with the government in the carrying-out of these measures.-J. Saxon Mills, Fortnightly Review, February, 1914. B. D. Bн.

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