RAM may be used to model primary pollutants. Settling and deposition are not treated. f. Source-Receptor Relationship RAM applies user-specified locations for all point sources and receptors. Area sources are input as multiples of a user-defined unit area source grid size. User specified stack heights are applied for individual point sources. Up to 3 effective release heights may be specified for the area sources. Area source release heights are assumed to be appropriate for a 5 meter per second wind and to be inversely proportional to wind speed. Actual separation between each source-receptor pair is used. All receptors are assumed to be at the same height at or above ground level. No terrain differences between source and receptor are accounted for. g. Plume behavior RAM uses Briggs (1969, 1971, 1975) plume A user supplied fraction of the area source height is treated as the physical height. The remainder is assumed to be plume rise for a 5 meter per second wind speed, and to be inversely proportional to wind speed. Fumigation and building downwash are not treated. ty, Ohio. Separate wind speed profile exponents (EPA, 1980) for urban cases are used. i. Vertical Wind Speed Vertical wind speed is assumed equal to k. Vertical Dispersion Urban dispersion coefficients from Briggs (Gifford, 1976) are used. Buoyancy-induced dispersion (Pasquill, 1976) is included. Six stability classes are used. Mixing height is accounted for with multiple reflections until the vertical plume standard deviation equals 1.6 times the mixing height; uniform vertical sizing is assumed beyond that point. Perfect reflection is assumed at the ground. 1. Chemical Transformation Chemical transformations are treated using exponential decay. Half-life is input by the user. m. Physical Removal Physical removal is not explicitly treated. ed S cent Air Poll 70-723 R E n. Evaluation Studies Ellis, H., P. Lou, and G. Dalzell, 1980. Com- 1980. SO2 Monitoring and RAM (Urban) Kummier, R. H.. B. Cho, G. Roginski, R. Sinha and A. Greenburg. 1979. A Comparative Validation of the RAM and Modified SAI Models for Short-Term 502 Concentrations in Detroit," Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 29:720-723. Londergan, R. J., N. E. Bowne, D. R. Murray, H. Borenstein, and J. Mangano, 1980. An Evaluation of Short-Term Air Quality Models Using Tracer Study Data, Report No. 4333, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. Morgenstern, P., M. J. Geraghty, and A. McKnight, 1979. A Comparative Study of the RAM (Urban) and RAMR (Rural) Models for Short-term SO, Concentrations in Metropolitan Indianapolis. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Cincinnati, OH. Ruff, R. E, 1980. Evaluation of the RAM Using the RAPS Data Base, Contract 68-02-2770, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. Londergan, R., D. Minott, D. Wackter, and R. Fizz, 1983. Evaluation of Urban Air Quality Simulation Models. EPA Publication No. EPA 450/4-83-020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. A.5 Industrial Source Complex Model (ISC) Reference Environmental Protection Agency, 1986. In- Availability This model is available as part of UNAMAP (Version 6). The computer code is available on magnetic tape from: Computer Products, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161, Phone (703) 487-4650. Abstract The ISC model is a steady-state Gaussian plume model which can be used to assess pollutant concentrations from a wide variety of sources associated with an industrial source complex. This model can account for the following: settling and dry deposition of particulates; downwash; area, line and volume sources; plume rise as a function of downwind distance; separation of point sources; and limited terrain adjustment. It operates in both long-term and short-term modes. a. Recommendations for Regulatory Use ISC is appropriate for the following applications: Industrial source complexes; Rural or urban areas; Flat or rolling terrain; Transport distances less than 50 kilometers; and One hour to annual averaging times. The following options should be selected for regulatory applications: For short term modeling, set the regulatory "default option" (ISW(28)=1), which automatically selects stack tip downwash, final plume rise, buoyancy induced dispersion (BID), the vertical potential temperature gradient, a treatment for calms, the appropriate wind profile exponents, the appropriate value for pollutant half-life, and a revised building wake effects algorithm; set rural option (ISW(20)=0) or urban option (ISW(20)=3); and set the concentration option (ISW(1)=1). Pt. 266, App. X 65. Burton, C.S., T.E. Stoeckenius and J.P. Nordin, 1983. The Temporal Representativeness of Short-term Meteorological Data Sets: Implications for Air Quality Impact Assessments, Systems Applications Inc., San Rafael, CA. (Docket Reference No. II-G-11). 74. Burton, C.S., 1981. The Role of Atmos- 66. Finkelstein, P.L., D.A. Mazzarella, T.J. Lockhart, W.J. King and J.H. White, 1983. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems, Volume IV: Meteorological Measurements. EPA Publication No. EPA-600/482-060. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (Docket Reference No. II-B-36). 67. Irwin, J.S., 1980. Dispersion Estimate Suggestion #9: Processing of Wind Data. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (Docket Reference No. II-B-33). 75. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981. 68. Irwin, J.S., 1980. Dispersion Estimate Suggestion #8: Estimation of Pasquill Stability Categories. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (Docket Reference No. II-B10). U.S. Environmental Protection Report. U. Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (Docket Reference No. II-M-16). im Agency, Docket Refe deline for Air Quali 76. Hanna, S.R., 1982. Natural Variability of mental P on No. EPF mental P Triangle onmental lines for 77. Fox, D.G., 1983. Uncertainty in Air Qual. ity Modeling. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 65(1):27-36. 78. Bowne, N.E., 1981. Validation and PerCriteria for Air Quality formance Models. Appendix F in Air Quality Moding and eling and the Clean Air Act: Recommen- Atmosp dations to EPA on Dispersion Modeling for Regulatory Applications. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 159-171. (Docket Reference No. II-A106). 69. Mitchell, Jr., A.E. and K.O. Timbre, 1979. Atmospheric Stability Class from Horizontal Wind Fluctuation. Presented at 72nd Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association, Cincinnati, OH, June 24-29, 1979. (Docket Reference No. II-P-9). 70. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1972. Air Quality cation NC Commenta 79. Bowne, N.E. and R.J. Londergan, 1983. Overview, Results and Conclusions for the EPRI Plume Model Validation and Development Project: Plains Site. EPRI EA-3074. Electric Power Research Insti tute, Palo Alto, CA. 71. Smedman-Hogstrom, A. and V. Hogstrom, 1978. A Practical Method for Determining Wind Frequency Distributions for the Lowest 200m from Routine Meteorological Data. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 17(7):942-953. Re 72. Smith, T.B. and S.M. Howard, 1972. Methodology for Treating Diffusivity. MRI 72 FR-1030. Meteorology Altadena, search, Incorporated, (Docket Reference No. II-P-8). CA. in Triang onmenta ines f 80. Moore, G.E., T.E. Stoeckenius and D.A. Stewart, 1982. A Survey of Statistical Measures of Model Performance and Ac curacy for Several Air Quality Models. EPA Publication No. EPA-450/4-83-001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (NTIS No. 73. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984. Calms Processor (CALMPRO) User's Guide. EPA Publication No. EPA-901/984-001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Boston, MA. (NTIS No. PB 84-229467). (Computer program available from NTIS: No. PB 84-229475). PB 83-260810). Agency NTIS N nment 81. Rhoads, R.G., 1981. Accuracy of Air Quality Models. Staff Report. U.S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (Docket Reference No. II-G-6). 82. Pasquill, F., 1974. Atmospheric Diffu sion, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 479 pp. 83. Hillyer, M.J. and C.S. Burton, 1980. The ExEx Methods: Incorporating Variabili ty in Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Into Power Plant Impact Assessment. Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA. Prepared under Contract No. 68-01-3957 for Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (Docket Reference No. II-B-37). 84. Thrall, A.D., T.E. Stoeckenius and C.S. 85. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981. Guideline for the Interpretation of 87. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis, Volume 12: Applying Atmospheric Simulation Models to Air Quality Maintenance Areas. EPA Publication No. EPA-450/4-74-013. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (NTIS No. PB 237750). 88. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977. Guidelines for Interpretation of Air Quality Standards (Revised). OAQPS No. 1.2-008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (NTIS No. PB 81-196420). 89. Environmental Protection Agency, 1982. Emissions Trading Policy Statement; General Principles for Creation, Banking, and Use of Emission Reduction Credits. Federal Register, 47(67):1507615086. 90. Meyer, S., 1983. Memorandum of February 17 to Regional Office Air Management Division Directors, Emissions Trading Policy Technical Clarifications. Office of Air, Noise and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Washington, DC. (Docket Reference No. Agency, II-B-34). 91. Environmental Research and Technology, 1987. User's Guide to the Rough Terrain Diffusion Model (RTDM), Rev. 3.20. ERT Document No. P-D535-585. Environmental Research and Technology, Inc., Concord, MA. (Docket Reference No. IV-D-5). 92. Hanna, S.R., L.L. Schulman, R.J. Paine and J.E. Pleim, 1984. The Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) Model User's Guide, Revised. OCS Study, MMS 840069. Environmental Technology, Inc., Concord, MA. (NTIS PB 86-159803). Research and American Pt. 266, App. X 13.0 Bibliography 1 Meteorological Society, 1971 1985. Symposia on Turbulence, Diffu- Boston, MA. American Meteorological Society, 19771984. Joint Conferences on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology (1st-4th). Sponsored by the American Meteorological Society and the Air Pollution Control Association. Eoston, MA. American Meteorological Society, 1978. Ac- American Meteorological Society, 1981. Air Briggs, G. A., 1969. Plume Rise. U.S. Atomic Dickerson, W. H. and P. H. Gudiksen, 1980. Drake, R. L. and S. M. Barrager, 1979. Fox, D. G., and J. E. Fairobent, 1981. NCAQ Gifford, F.A., 1976. Turbulent Diffusion Gudiksen, P. H., and M. H. Dickerson, Eds., Hales, J. M., 1976. Tall Stacks and the Atmospheric Environment. EPA Publication No. EPA-450/3-76-007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1 The documents listed here are major sources of supplemental information on the theory and application of mathematical air quality models. Hanna, S. R., G. A. Briggs, J. Deardorff, B. A. Egan, G. A. Gifford and F. Pasquill, 1977. AMS Workshop on Stability Classification Schemes and Sigma CurvesSummary of Recommendations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 58(12):1305-1309. Hanna, S.R., G.A. Briggs and R.P. Hosker, Jr., 1982. Handbook on Atmospheric Diffusion. Technical Information Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Haugen, D.A., Workshop Coordinator, 1975. Lectures on Air Pollution and Environ mental Impact Analyses. Sponsored by the American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. Hoffnagle, G. F., M. E. Smith, T. V. Crawford and T. J. Lockhart, 1981. On-site Meteorological Instrumentation Requirements to Characterize Diffusion from Point Sources-A Workshop, 15-17 January 1980, Raleigh, NC. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 62(2):255-261. McMahon, R. A. and P. J. Denison, 1979. Empirical Atmospheric Deposition Parameters-A Survey. Atmospheric Environment, 13:571-585. McRae, G. J., J. A. Leone and J. H. Seinfeld, 1983. Evaluation of Chemical Reaction Mechanisms for Photochemical Smog. Part I: Mechanism Descriptions and Documentation. EPA Publication No. EPA-600/3/83-086. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Pasquill, F. and F. B. Smith, 1983. Atmospheric Diffusion, 3rd Edition. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, West Sussex, England, 438 pp. Roberts, J. J., Ed., 1977. Report to U.S. EPA of the Specialists' Conference on the EPA Modeling Guideline. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. of Randerson, D., Ed., 1984. Atmospheric Science and Power Production. DOE/TIC27601. Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department Energy, Oak Ridge, TN. Smith, M. E., Ed., 1973. Recommended Guide for the Prediction of the Dispersion of Airborne Effluents. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY. Stern, A. C., Ed., 1976. Air Pollution, Third Edition, Volume I: Air Pollutants, Their Transformation and Transport. Academic Press, New York, NY. Turner, D. B., 1979. Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling: A Critical Review. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 29(5):502-519. Whiteman, C. D. and K. J. Allwine, 1982. Green River Ambient Model Assessment Program FY-1982 Progress Report. PNL-4520. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA. 14.0 Glossary of Terms Air Quality-Ambient pollutant concentrations and their temporal and spatial distribution. Algorithm-A specific mathematical calculation procedure. A model may contain several algorithms. Background-Ambient pollutant concentrations due to (1) natural sources, (2) nearby sources other than the one(s) currently under consideration; and (3) unidentified sources. Calibrate-An objective adjustment using measured air quality data (e.g., an adjustment based on least-squares linear regression). Calm-For purposes of air quality modeling, calm is used to define the situation when the wind is indeterminate with regard to speed or direction. Complex Terrain-Terrain exceeding the height of the stack being modeled. Computer Code-A set of statements that comprise a computer program. Evaluate-To appraise the performance and accuracy of a model based on a comparison of concentration estimates with observed air quality data. Fluid Modeling-Modeling conducted in a wind tunnel or water channel to quantitatively evaluate the influence of buildings and/or terrain on pollutant concentrations. Fugitive Dust-Dust discharged to the atmosphere in an unconfined flow stream such as that from unpaved roads, storage piles and heavy construction operations. Model-A quantitative or mathematical representation or simulation which attempts to describe the characteristics or relationships of physical events. Preferred Model-A refined model that is recommended for a specific type of regulatory application. Receptor-A location at which ambient air quality is measured or estimated. Receptor Models-Procedures that examine an ambient monitor sample of particulate matter and the conditions of its collection to infer the types or relative mix of sources impacting on it during collection. |