turers located in Chicago. My appearance here this morning has no connection whatsoever with that function. Early in the winter of 1942-43, I was requested by representatives of the National Research Council, Washington, to come to Washington, to become executive secretary of the Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council. Since it seemed impossible to give up all of my nutritional direction responsibilities on problems that had been going on up to 12 or 13 years, an arrangement was worked out whereby I spend about 90 percent of my time on the functions of the National Research Council, or on a partial leave of absence basis, and I spend a few days each month in Chicago. I am on salary at both places in such a way that I neither gain nor lose by the arrangement. They pay part of my salary here and part of it from Chicago. I am on a temporary leave of absence for an indefinite period, depending upon the duration of the war. Mr. HOPE. Mr. Chairman, before the witness proceeds, will you tell us something about the National Research Council; what its activities are. Dr. GUNDERSON. Yes, sir; I have that in my paper, sir, to tell you, just now. Mr. HOPE. All right. Dr. GUNDERSON. I am here at the request of your chairman, Mr. Fulmer, to present a report on margarine. This report was formulated and adopted by the committee on fats of the board and was later adopted by the Food and Nutrition Board as a report of the National Research Council. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES At this point I should like to describe the National Academy of Sciences, because of its relationship to the National Research Council. In that connection I shall read a brief paragraph descriptive of the National Academy of Sciences. * * * The National Academy of Sciences originated from the need of the Government for technical scientific advice in connection with carrying on the Civil War. Its charter, passed by Congress and approved by President Lincoln in 1863, provides that it "shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States." Under this provision the Academy has acted since the time of its establishment as an official adviser to the Government on a wide variety of subjects. Membership, approximately 350 at present, is restricted to the foremost scientists of the country and is a distinction internationally recognized. THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Now, with regard to the National Research Council, I should like to read another short descriptive paragraph as follows: Membership and organization.-The National Research Council is a cooperative organization of scientific men of America, including also a representation of men of affairs interested in engineering and industry and in the basic sciences upon which the applications of science depend. Its membership is largely composed of accredited representatives of about 85 national and scientific technical societies. Its essential purpose is the promotion of scientific research and of the application and dissemination of scientific knowledge for the benefit of the national strength and well-being. The council was established at the request of the President of the United States, by the National Academy of Sciences, under its congressional charter to coordinate the research facilities of the country for work on military problems involving scientific knowledge. In 1918, by Executive order, it was reorganized as a permanent body for the geenral encouragement of research. Mr. HOPE. Let me ask you right there, does the National Research Council receive funds from the Federal Government at this time for this work. Dr. GUNDERSON. Yes, sir; under special contracts with respective departments, depending upon the needs of the respective Federal departments for intensive work. Mr. HOPE. How is the work financed otherwise? Dr. GUNDERSON. The general overhead of the National Research Council is financed by gift, I think, in 1925, from the Carnegie Corporation. From that gift the building of the National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council at Twenty-first and Constitution Avenue was constructed. And the income from that fund supports the general overhead of the National Research Council; but if, for example, a certain department of the Federal Government wishes a considerable amount of committee work done, that department can negotiate a contract with the academy in behalf of the council under which the travel and subsistence expenses of committee members when they are on their way to and in Washington can be paid, and also it supports the administrative staff of the respective committees. Mr. HOPE. Now, do you do research work for any organizations other than the Federal Government? Dr. GUNDERSON. To my knowledge, we do not. We do not do research at all at our Washington headquarters. We have no laboratories. We help coordinate and advise with and integrate research going on in various laboratories over the country. Mr. HOPE. That is laboratories which are conducted by business institutions in furtherance of their own projects? Dr. GUNDERSON. I would say mostly academic laboratories, but there is no prohibition against the establishment of research work in a commercial laboratory or a foundation laboratory, either. Mr. HOPE. But when you do that, is that work paid for by the group or the organization with whom you work, or do you care for the expenses out of your own funds? Dr. GUUNDERSON. So far as the Food and Nutrition Board is concerned, we have no funds to sponsor research from any department of the Federal Government. We have grants from several private foundations which are in some instances ear-marked for special research, which is under the guidance of our committees. We have two contracts with the Federal Government at the present time: one is with the Department of Agriculture, and money therefrom is definitely not available for research. It is available only for travel and subsistence. expenses of members of the committees, for operating of the Board's administrative activities, the secretariat at the National Research Council office, and for the publication of a few bulletins and reprinted pamphlets which we issue. We have another contract with the Quartermaster Corps of the War Department for the prosecution of special work in connection with food composition. Mr. HOPE. Now, can you give us the names of foundations from whom you are receiving funds in connection with food nutritional activities? Dr. GUNDERSON. Yes. They are the Macy Foundation of New York; the Milbank Memorial Fund of New York, and the Nutrition Foundation, New York. That is all. Mr. HOPE. I thank you very much. Mr. ANDRESEN. May I ask just one question? Dr. GUNDERSON. Yes, sir. Mr. ANDRESEN. You state that you were invited to appear here at the instance of our chairman? Dr. GUNDERSON. Yes, sir. Mr. ANDRESEN. Did any other individual or group, or business, or association, or institution ask you to appear? Dr. GUNDERSON. Since receiving that invitation I have had one call or possibly two, with regard to the time of the meeting from Mr. Tocker's office. Mr. ANDRESEN. Mr. Who? Dr. GUNDERSON. Mr. Tocker. Mr. ANDRESEN. And who is Mr. Tocker? Dr. GUNDERSON. Mr. Tocker, I believe, is an attorney and I believe he has some connection with the Margarine Association. I think he is here and could probably speak better for himself. Mr. ANDRESEN. You are not receiving any compensation or expenses from Mr. Tocker, the Oleo Institute, or any other oleo manufacturer? Dr. GUNDERSON. No, sir. Mr. POAGE. Mr. Chairman, may I interrupt right there? Let us get that straight. Does the gentleman from Minnesota mean that the dairy interests in opposing this bill, beginning on November 15, are ont to be permitted to invite anybody to come here to testify before the committee? Mr. ANDRESEN. No; I do not. Do not misunderstand me. I just wanted to get it clear, because the gentleman who testified yesterday also indicated he had received an invitation from the chairmanwhich is absolutely proper-and I asked him if he had received a request to appear by any one else, and he mentioned the same gentleman, who is the attorney for the Oleo Institute. Mr. POAGE. Does the gentleman anticipate that every witness he brings here in opposition to the bill is going to be invited either by the gentleman, or by the dairy industry? Mr. ANDRESEN. Oh, no; not at all. The CHAIRMAN. May I make this statement? Mr. ANDRESEN. I have not invited anybody to be present. The CHAIRMAN. I have noticed a good many requests from the gentleman from Minnesota along that line. I have invited these gentlemen because I definitely understand that they are thoroughly acquainted with the subject. I have also invited Mr. Holman, who is connected with the dairy industry. Mr. ANDRESEN. I say, that is proper. The CHAIRMAN. And Mr. Holman will come as a representative, paid representative, of the dairy industry; but that does not concern, and should not concern, this committee. What we want is the real facts for and against this bill, and to make a showing, or an attempt to make a showing, that somebody is being paid to testify shows a reflection on the gentleman who is now talking to the committee. Mr. ANDRESEN. Not at all. Mr. POAGE. I want to ask the gentleman a question in that respect. Mr. ANDRESEN. Just a second. The CHAIRMAN. And I would like for the gentlemen to proceed in order and give the facts, and when we have the opposition, I can assure you there will not be a gentleman asking anyone who paid you to come and make a statement opposing this bill. What we would like to have from either the gentlemen supporting or opposing this bill are the real facts as to just why it should or should not be passed. Mr. ANDRESEN. I thoroughly agree with the chairman. We want the facts, and I think it is proper for the chairman to invite whomever he wants to appear before the committee. Mr. POAGE. Let me ask a question about this, as to procedure. The gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. Andresen] asked if we could postpone hearing the defense witness until the 15th day of November and now he tells us that he has not asked a single person to come here. Why postpone this thing if he has not got a human being who wants to testify on the 15th of November? Why not proceed with the defense witnesses just as quickly as we put on the evidence here for its passage? Mr. ANDRESEN. I will say to the gentleman from Texas [Mr. Poage] if we get through this list of witnesses by the 15th of November there will be Mr. POAGE. Will you be ready to proceed with your defense witnesses when we get through? Mr. ANDRESEN. I think that the farmers of the country will be here. The CHAIRMAN. May we proceed with the witness, and we will have plenty of time in executive session to argue these matters out. Dr. GUNDERSON. We come next to the Food and Nutrition Board of the Council. In 1940 a member of the National Defense Advisory Council, as I understand it, requested the National Research Council to establish a committee to advise the Federal departments of the Government, especially with regard to food and nutrition. At the start the committee was called the Committee on Food and Nutrition. Its first chairman was Dr. Russell M. Wilder, of the Mayo Clinic. Its present chairman is Dr. Frank G. Boudreau, directer of the Milbank Memorial Fund for Medical Research, New York. The Food and Nutrition Board is, in effect, a large committee with about 12 or 14 subcommittees, now called committees. The board and its committees are part of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Research Council, of which division Dr. Robert F. Griggs is chairman. The Board meets at the National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council Building on Constitution Avenue at Twenty-first Street, Washington, on call by the chairman, usually about eight times per year, for discussions which usually require from 1 to 2 days. The Food and Nutrition Board has 46 members, including mainly scientific experts in food and nutrition from various parts of the country, participating in the advisory services of the board by request of the chairman of the board and by the chairman of the National Research Council, Dr. Ross G. Harrison. Mr. Chairman, I think it may not be necessary to name all 46 members of the board. I have here the list and would be perfectly glad to have it inserted in the record if you so wish. The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, it may be inserted. (The list above referred to is as follows:) FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, D. C., JULY 1943 OFFICERS Chairman: Frank G. Boudreau, Milbank Memorial Fund, 40 Wall Street, New York City. Vice Chairman: H. C. Sherman, Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics, United States Department of Agriculture. Executive Secretary: Frank L. Gunderson, National Research Council, Washing. ton, D. C. Associate Executive Secretary: Ross A. Gortner, Jr., National Research Council, Washington, D. C. MEMBERS Dr. Franklin C. Bing: American Institute of Baking, 1135 Fullerton Avenue, Chi cago, Ill. Dr. John D. Black: Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Dr. Henry Borsook: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. Dr. Frank G. Boudreau: Milbank Memorial Fund, 40 Wall Street, New York City. Miss Grace Bulman: Veterans' Administration, Washington, D. C. Dr. John Cassella: Foreign Economic Administration. Dr. George R. Cowgill: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. Dr. Joseph S. Davis: Stanford University, Stanford University, California. Dr. Martha M. Eliot: Children's Bureau, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Dr. C. A. Elvehjem: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Dr. C. N. Frey: Fleischmann Laboratories, Standard Brands, Inc., 810 Grand Concourse, New York City. Capt. W. W. Hall (M. C.): United States Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Dr. A. Baird Hastings: Liaison representative from Division of Medical Sciences, Col. Paul E. Howe: Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army, Washington, D. C. Dr. Philip C. Jeans: The State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Norman Jolliffe: School of Medicine, New York University, New York City. Dr. H. E. Longenecker: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Dr. L. A. Maynard: United States Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Dr. E. V. McCollum: School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Dr. Albert McCown: American Red Cross, Seventeenth and D Streets NW., Washington, D. C. Dr. James S. McLester: University of Alabama, 930 South Twentieth Street, Birmingham, Ala. Dr. Helen S. Mitchell: Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations, State Department, room 304, 1734 New York Avenue NW., Washington. D. C. Dr. John R. Murlin: Department of Vital Economics, University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. |