graphics are to be made by a human operator.' Bus. Automation 12, No. 8, 66, Aug. 1965).

6.31a "The area of microfilm-to-hard-copy conversion is not yet very advanced. There are a number of reader-printers, such as the Itek 1824 or the 3M Filmac 200, which under operator control can make copies from any type of microfilm. The problem, however, is that the process is too slow and the cost of the copies too high for production volumes." (Berul, 1968, p. 30).

6.31b "The emphasis was on making it easy to use the system to obtain information. This included such things as producing printed output which would not look like an accounting ledger, but would be similar to the majority of printed documents people are used to reading and which would provide visual cues for ease of scanning and interpretation. (Ebersole, 1965, p. 172).

6.31c Further, ".

IDEA provides for displays of specified variables. At present these include frequency distributions and contingency tables. We also intend to provide other plots, scatter diagrams, etc., with such aids as discriminant functions, regression analysis, iso-probability, and isodistant curves derived under various assumptions." (Press and Rogers, 1967, p. 39).

6.32 "The properties and techniques by which a high-speed printer can be made to emboss regular printing paper with braille symbols is described in Sterling et al. . . ." [Sterling, T. D., M. Lichstein, F. Scarpino, D. Stuebing and W. Stuebing, "Professional Computer Work for the Blind", Commun. ACM 7, 228 (1964)]. (Landwehr et al., 1965, p. 302). Then, "at MIT one aspect of work to aid the blind includes coupling of a high-speed electric Braille typewriter and a small computer to achieve an inexpensive conversion of machinable documents into Braille code." (E. Glaser, report of panel discussion on Computers and Aid to the Handicapped, Commun. ACM 8, 638 (1965).) Kehl (1965) also mentions the M.I.T. high-speed Braille printer.

It is of particular interest to note in this connection that "initial experience with several trainees indicated that the blind programmer equipped with routines which print input, output and/or memory contents in braille is no more dependent on external help than is his sighted colleague." (Landwehr et al., 1965, p. 300).

Nelson (1965) has also explored some of the possibilities for on-line Braille display.

6.33 An example of current research in this area is provided in Quarterly Progress Report No. 80, The Research Laboratory for Electronics, M.I.T. More specifically: "By a judicious choice of elements for the lexicon and the use of a set of very simple algorithms it is possible to decompose a word in an orderly fashion into the stored elements from which the phonemic translation can be found. A lexicon containing approximately 32,000 elements is sufficient for the decomposition of all entries in the Seventh Edition of Webster's 'New Collegiate Dictionary'. Additional markings in the lexicon provide the basis for the resolution of syntactical ambiguities which cannot be handled by the phonic approach." (Quarterly Progress Report No. 80, Research Laboratory for Electronics, MIT, 225 (1966).)

"An efficient scheme has been developed for the automatic translation of English text from letters to phonemes. This process of translation is an indispensable part of a reading machine that produces synthetic-speech output." (Quarterly Progress Report No. 80, Research Laboratory for Electronics, MIT, 225 (1966).)

"The problem of automatic translation from letter spelling to phonetic spelling in English text has been studied. A procedure has been developed, based upon a dictionary' of approximately 30,000 root words and a set of combination and generation laws, such that the correct pronunciation (phonetic spelling) of 250,000 English words can be automated." (Quarterly Progress Report Research Laboratory for Electronics, No. 80, MIT, 218 (1966) further ref. to F. Lee Ph.D. Thesis, EE. Oct. 1965). A project at the Institut für Phonetik und Kommunikationsfordung, University of Bonn, has both FAP and COMIT language programs written to explore this possibility.

6.34 Project of A. Risberg, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. (Stevens, 1968, pp. 21-22).

"A conference on compressed speech, sponsored by the Division for the Blind . . . The method may be used by students as a review technique and by blind persons to increase their reading rate appreciably when using recorded books." (LC Inf. Bull. 24, 674 (1965).)

See also note 5.60, p. 98.

7.1 "The [test or sample] problems were invariably simple because generally any typical problem would require the amassing of considerable data and its manual manipulation to determine check-points for system rating. The expense involved was considerable and generally was not approved by the pertinent management groups." Davis, 1965, p. 82).

"The quantitative data, the analyses, and the conclusions about man-computer systems that one seeks in a controlled experiment will emerge only if the data-reduction effort is painstakingly planned and executed." (Morey and Yntema, 1965, p. 356).

7.2 "One of the most difficult problems in evaluating information retrieval systems is to identify meaningful evaluation criteria. Most of the im

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