This publication is part of the Substance Abuse
Prevention and Treatment Block Grant technical
assistance program. All material appearing in
this volume except that taken directly from
copyrighted sources is in the public domain and
may be reproduced or copied without
permission from the Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration's
(SAMHSA) Center for Substance Abuse
Treatment (CSAT) or the authors. Citation of
the source is appreciated.

This publication was written under contract
number ADM 270-95-0013. Sandra Clunies,
M.S., I.C.A.D.C., served as the CSAT
Government project officer. Writers were Paddy
Cook, Carolyn Davis, Deborah L. Howard,
Phyllis Kimbrough, Anne Nelson, Michelle Paul,
Deborah Shuman, Margaret K. Brooks, Esq.,
Mary Lou Dogoloff, Virginia Vitzthum, and
Elizabeth Hayes. Special thanks go to Roland
M. Atkinson, M.D.; David Oslin, M.D.; Edith

Gomberg, Ph.D.; Kristen Lawton Barry, Ph.D.;
Richard E. Finlayson, M.D.; Mary Smolenski,
Ed.D., C.R.N.P.; Mary Lou Leonard; Annie
Thornton; Jack Rhode; Cecil Gross; Niyati
Pandya; Mark A. Meschter; and Wendy Carter
for their considerable contributions to this
document.

The opinions expressed herein are the views of
the Consensus Panel members and do not reflect
the official position of CSAT, SAMHSA, or the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS). No official support or endorsement of
CSAT, SAMHSA, or DHHS for these opinions or
for particular instruments or software that may
be described in this document is intended or
should be inferred. The guidelines in this
document should not be considered substitutes
for individualized patient care and treatment
decisions.

DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 98-3179
Printed 1998