STATE. If vacancies happen in seats of senators, by resignation or
otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State,
the executive thereof may make temporary appointments,
until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
fill such vacancies..

STATE. A senator in Congress shall be an inhabitant of the State
for which he shall be chosen..
STATE. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for
senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each
State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at
any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except
as to the places of choosing senators..

STATE. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any
State..

STATE. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of com-
merce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of
another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another....
STATE. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder-
ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money;
emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver
coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of at-
tainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation
of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

STATE No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid
by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of
the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall
be subject to the revision and control of the Congress....
STATE. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any
duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of
peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not
admit of delay.

(For the extent of these inhibitions on the States, see
Articles of Confederation, Art. VI. p. 11.)
STATE. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legis-
lature thereof may direct, the electors of President and
Vice-President of the United States. (See Election.)....
STATE. The judicial power shall extend to controversies to which
the United States shall be a party; to controversies
between two or more States; between a State and citizens
of another State; between citizens of different States;
between citizens of the same State claiming lands under
grants of different States; and between a State, or the
citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or sub-
jects

(See Judicial Power.)

STATE. In all cases in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme
Court shall have original jurisdiction..

STATE. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,

shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State
where the said crimes shall have been committed; but
when not committed within any State, the trial shall be
at such place or places as the Congress may by law have

directed.

(See Crimes.)

STATE. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every
other State. And the Congress may, by general laws,
prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro-
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof

STATE. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
and immunities of citizens in the several States

(See Citizens-Privileges—Immunities, notes 220, 221.)

STATE. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or
other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in
another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority
of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be re-
moved to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.....
STATE. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence
of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such
service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the
party to whom such service or labor may be due.......
(See Fugitives-Escape.)

STATE. The Congress snall have power to dispose of, and make
all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory
or other property belonging to the United States; and
nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to
prejudice any claim of the United States, or of any par-
ticular State.

STATE. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
Union & republican form of government, and shall protect
each of them against invasion, and, on application of the
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can-
not be convened), against domestic violence....
State defined, n. 233, p. 242.

STATE No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its
equal suffrage in the Senate.

STATE. The judges in every State shall be bound by the Consti-
tution, laws, and treaties of the United States, any thing
in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding....

STATE legislatures. The members of the several State legislatures,
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United
States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
affirmation to support this Constitution......

(See Oath, n. 242.)

STATE. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear
arms shall not be infringed Amendments

STATE. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of
the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed; which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law. Amendments..

STATE. In choosing the President (by the House of Representa-
tives), the vote shall be taken by States, the representa-
tives from each State having one vote: a quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall
be necessary to a choice. Amendments..

STATE. The electors shall meet in their respective States and
vote, by ballot, for President and Vice-President, one of
whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same
State with themselves. Amendments...

STATES. Declared free and independent, p. 6. Articles of per-
petual union between, pp. 8-9. Each retained its sove-
reignty, Art. I. p. 9. Entered into a firm league, Art.
III p. 9. The rights of the people of the different States,
Art. IV. p. 10. Rendition and records, Id. To choose
delegates, Art. V. p. 10. Inhibitions upon, Art. VI. p. 12.
To supply a common treasury, Art. VIII. p. 13.

STATES. Representatives in Congress to be chosen every two
years by the people of the States...

STATES.

The people defined and discussed, n. 16. The qualifica-
tions of voters in each, alphabetically arranged, n. 17.
Representatives and direct taxes to be apportioned
among the several States according to their respective
numbers

STATES entitled to representatives in the first Congress were:
New Hampshire, 3; Massachusetts, 8; Rhode Island and

Providence Plantations, 1; Connecticut, 5; New York, 6;
New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 8; Delaware, 1; Maryland,
6; Virginia, 10; North Carolina, 5; South Carolina, 5;
Georgia, 3. Whole number, 65..

STATES. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce among
the several States and with the Indian tribes....

(See Commerce.)

STATES. Congress shall have power to provide for organizing,
arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing
such part of them as may be employed in the service of
the United States, reserving to the States respectively the
appointment of the officers, and the authority of training
the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con-
gress....
STATES. Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legisla-
tion in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceed-
ing ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular
States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
the government of the United States; and to exercise like
authority over all places purchased by the consent of the
legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other
needful buildings...

The District was ceded by Virginia and Maryland, n. 137.
(See District of Columbia.)

STATES. The migration or importation of such persons as any of
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall
not be prohibited by Congress prior to the year 1808, but a
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation not ex-
ceeding ten dollars for each person...

STATES The President shall not receive, during the time for
which he shall have been elected, any emolument from
any of the States...

STATES. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the
militia of the severa! States when called into the actual
service of the United States..

STATES. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected
within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State
be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts
of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the
States concerned, as well as of the Congress.....

(See New States, notes 229, 230.) For a list of the new
States, with dates of admission, see note 230.

STATES. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Con-
stitution, or, on the applications of the legislatures of two-
thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be
valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitu-
tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of
the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths
thereof..

(See Amendments, notes 236, 244, 274, 275-286.)
STATES. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall
be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution
-between the States so ratifying the same......

(See Ratification, n. 243.)

STATES. The Constitution adopted in convention by the unani-
mous consent of the deputies from all the States present,
the 17th day of September, A. D. 1787, and of the Inde-
pendence of the United States of America the twelfth;
the following States being represented:-New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro-
lina, South Carolina, Georgia.

STATES. The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re-

served to the States, respectively, or to the people.
Amendments...

See this power discussed, n. 269.

STATES. The judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, com-
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any
foreign State. Amendments...

STATES. The thirteenth amendment trenches directly upon the
powers of the States and people, n. 274, p. 273. It has
done what the several States only could have one, n. 274,
p. 276.

STOCKTON, JOHN P., of New Jersey.

Ousted from his seat in the

Signed the Declaration of

Senate because of the mode of election, n. 29, p. 75.
STOCKTON, RICHARD, of New Jersey.

Independence, p. 7.

STONE, THOMAS, of Maryland. Signed the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, p, 7.

SUBJECTS. The judicial power shall extend to all cases between
a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens,
or subjects...

(See Judicial Power, n. 205a.)
SUBJECTS of any foreign State. The judicial power of the United
States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law
or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the
United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens
or subjects of any foreign State. Amendments.
See this amendment explained, notes 205a, 271.
SUFFRAGE. No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its
equal suffrage in the Senate.
SUITS. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be
otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States
than according to the rules of the common law. Amend-
ments..

See notes 263, 265.

SUITS. The judicial power of the United States shall not be con-
strued to extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced
or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens
of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign
State. Amendments..

This article defined and discussed, n. 270.

SUNDAYS excepted. Ten days allowed the President to return a
bill, resolution, &c..

There must be ten entire days, n. 69.
SUPPORT the Constitution. The senators and representatives

before mentioned, and the members of the several State
legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of
the United States and of the several States, shall be bound
by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution, &c...
And to swear allegiance to the government, &c. (see
Test Oath), n. 242. Congress has the right to superadd to
the oath, Id.

SUPREME COURT. Congress shall have power to constitute tribunals
inferior to the Supreme Court...

SUPREME COURT. (See Appointment of Judges of, &c.)....
SUPREME COURT. The judicial power of the United States shall be
vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts
as the Congress inay from time to time ordain and estab-
lish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts,
shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at
stated times, receive for their services a compensation
which shall not be diminished during their continuance
in office...

Supreme Court defined, n. 195, p. 190. It has original
jurisdiction in but two classes of cases, Id.

SUPREME COURT. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public

11

ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be
a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.
In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and
fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as
the Congress shall make..

Its original jurisdiction is exclusive, n. 219. Original
jurisdiction defined and discussed, n. 219, p. 205. Appel-
late jurisdiction defined, n. 211. It can only be conferred
by Congress, n. 211, p. 207.

SUPREME law of the land. (See Constitution-Laws-Treaties.)
SWAYNE, NOAH H. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court,
n. 197.

TANEY, ROGER B.

p. 192.

Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, n. 197,

TAX. A tax or duty on imported persons (slaves) might have
been imposed up to 1808....

TAX. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in
proportion to the census or enumeration herein before
directed to be taken....

TAX. No amendment made prior to 1808, shall in any manner
affect the 1st and 4th clauses of the 9th section.
TAX. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any
State....

TAXED. Indians not taxed excluded from representative numbers.

Also by Article XIV. n. 275.

TAXES, direct, defined, notes 22, 144. How apportioned, notes 93,
94. Taxes defined, n. 72. The power to lay, n. 78.

TAXES. Representative and direct taxes to be apportioned among
the States according to their respective numbers.....
Direct taxes, see n. 22.

TAXES. Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes...

Taxes under this power defined and discussed, notes 72,
73. It is co-extensive with the territory of the United
States, n. 73.
TAYLOR, GEORGE, of Pennsylvania. Signed Declaration of Inde-
pendence, p. 7.

TAYLOR, JOHN W. Speaker of the House of Representatives,

n. 26.

TAYLOR, ZACHARY, President of the United States, n. 166.
TAZEWELL, HENRY. President of the Senate, pro tempore, n. 38,
p. 78.

TAZEWELL, LITTLETON W. President of the Senate, pro tempore,
n. 88, p. 80.

TELFAIR, EDWARD, of Georgia. Signed the Articles of Confed-
eration, p. 21.

TENDER. No State shall make any thing but gold and silver coin a
tender in payment of debts...

Remarks upon this clause, n. 152. Congress may make
other things than gold and silver a legal tender, notes 88,
84, 97, 98, 99, 100, 155. (See Legal Tender.)

TENURE of office. Of military officers in time of peace, n. 184, p. 179.
Persons holding civil offices, how removed, Id. With the
exception of secretaries, n. 184, p. 179, § 1. Power of the
President to suspend during the recess of the Senate, Id. § 2.
President to designate some person to perform the duties,
Id. If the Senate refuse to concur, Id. The President may
revoke the suspension, Id. p. 180. The President's power to
fill vacancies during the recess, Id. § 3. And if not con-
firmed, office to remain in abeyance, Id. Tenure not to be
extended beyond the term limited by law, n. 184, p. 180,
$4. Penalty for accepting office contrary to law, Id., § 5.
Penalty for removal or employment contrary to law, Id.
$6. Fine and imprisonment, Id. Duty of the secretary
of the Senate to furnish lists of the rejected, to whom, Id.
$7. Duty of the President to communicate information
of appointment, n. 184, p. 181, § 8. No payment to persons