not be prohibited prior to 1808, but a tax or duty may be
imposed on such importation not exceeding ten dollars for
each person.

"Persons" here relates to imported Africans, n. 139.
PERSONS Voted for as President and Vice-President to be named
Amendments..
in the ballots.

PINCKNEY, CHARLES, of South Carolina. Signed the Constitution,
pp. 42, 252.

PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH, of South Carolina. Signed the
Constitution, pp. 42, 252.

PIRACIES. Congress shall have power to define and punish piracies
and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses
against the law of nations..

"Piracy" and "pirate" defined, n. 112. The punish-
ment is death, n. 111. Offenses and law of nations defined
and discussed, notes, 115, 116.

POINDEXTER, GEO. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 80.
POLK, JAMES K. Speaker of the House of Representatives, n. 26.
President, n. 166.

PORTS. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of com-
merce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of
another: nor shall vessels bound to or from one State, be
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another...
(See Preference, n. 146; Vessels, n. 148.)

POSTERITY. The Constitution established in order to secure the
blessings of liberty to ourselves and to our posterity.
Preamble.

POST-OFFICES and post-roads. Congress shall have power to es-
tablish post-offices and post-roads.

Post-offices defined, and history of, n. 105. Post-roads
defined, and length of, n. 106.

POWER of Impeachment. The House of Representatives shall
have the sole power of impeachment..

(See Impeachment, notes 26, 39, 40, 191-194.)

POWER. Congress shall have power. (See Congress.).

This power defined and compared with other sections
and clauses, n. 71.

POWER. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach-
ments....

POWER. The executive power shall be vested in a President of

the United States of America...

The executive power defined, and distinguished from
what is merely ministerial, n. 165. Why lodged in one
head, Id. List of the Presidents and dates of service, n. 166.
POWER. The President shall have power to grant reprieves and
pardons for offenses against the United States, except in
cases of impeachment

When this power may be exercised, n. 177, p. 172. It is
unlimited, and beyond the control of Congress as to its
effect, n. 177. p. 173. Reprieves and pardons defined and
discussed, notes 176, 177.

POWER. The power of the President in making treaties, appoint-
ments, &c. (See President.).

This subject discussed, notes 179–184.

POWER. (See Judicial Power.)...

Judicial power contradistinguished from legislative
and executive; defined and why created; does not ex-
tend to all questions, only to cases. This explained,

notes 195, 199.

POWER. The judicial power of the United States shall not be con-
strued to extend to any suit, in law or equity, coin-
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any
foreign State. Amendments..

What this amends, and the effect thereof, notes 205α,
268.

POWERS herein granted vested in Congress. All legislative......
(See Legislative Power, n. 56; Congress, n. 15.)

POWERS.

POWERS.

Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall
be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the
foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States, or
any department or officer thereof...

(See Congress, notes 125, 274.)

In case of the inability of the President to discharge
the powers and duties of the office, the same shall devolve
on the Vice-President......

The Vice-Presidents who have thus succeeded to the
Presidency, n. 172, p. 170,

POWERS. The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re-
served to the States respectively, or to the people.
Amendments....

The powers defined. "Delegated" defined. “ Expressly
delegated" not meant, n. 269.

PREFERENCE regarding ports of States. No preference shall be
given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the
ports of one State over those of another; nor shall ves-
sels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear,
or pay duties in another

Preference" defined, n. 149. The other terms defined,
notes 146, 147, 148.

PREJUDICE of claims. Nothing in this Constitution shall be so
construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States,
or of any particular State..

242.

This was not to exclude the claim of any State to its
public land, n. 222, p.
PRESENT. No person shall be convicted on an impeachment with-
out the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present.
PRESENT. The yeas and nays of the members of either house on
any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those
present, be entered on the journal

PRESENT. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United
States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust
under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State...
The prohibition does not extend to private citizens,
n. 151, p. 153.
PRESENTED. Every bill, order, resolution, or vote, to which the
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives
may be necessary, &c., shall be presented to the Presi-
dent...

(See Bill, notes 66, 69.)

PRESENTMENT of a grand jury. No person shall be held to answer
for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a pre-
sentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases
arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when
in actual service in time of war or public danger. Amend-
ments

"Presentment," "Indictment," and "Grand Jury,"
defined, n. 253.

PRESERVE the Constitution.

The President of the United States
shall take an oath or affirmation, to preserve, protect, and
defend the Constitution

The President is the only officer required to take this
oath, n. 174.

PRESIDENT of the Senate. (See Senate of the United States.)
PRESIDENT pro tempore. (See Senate of the United States.)

"Pro tempore" defined, n. 38. List of the presiding
officers of the Senate, pp. 78-81.

PRESIDENT of the United States. The Senate shall choose a Presi-
dent pro tempore when the Vice-President shall act as...
PRESIDENT of the United States is tried by the Senate on an im-
peachment. The chief-justice shafl preside, when the....
PRESIDENT of the United States. Every bill which shall have

{

passed the House of Representatives and the Senate,
shall, before it become a law, be presented to the Presi-
dent of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it,
if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that
house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter
the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to
reconsider it. (See Bill.)

See the veto power discussed, n. 67.

PRESIDENT of the United States. If any bill shall not be returned
by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after
it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a
law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the
Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in
which case it shall not be a law. (See Bill.)....

The President should receive the bill ten entire days
before the adjournment, n. 69.
PRESIDENT of the United States. Every order, resolution, or
vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House
of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques-
tion of adjournment), shall be presented to the President
of the United States, and, before the same shall take effect,
shall be approved by him; or, being disapproved by him,
shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House
of Representatives. (See Resolution.).

When a joint resolution becomes a law, n. 70.
PRESIDENT of the United States. The executive power shall be
vested in a President of the United States of America.
He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and,
together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same
term, be elected as follows...

Eléctors appointed. Each State shall appoint, in such
manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number
of electors equal to the whole number of senators and
representatives to which the State may be entitled in the
Congress; but no senator or representative, or person
holding an office of trust or profit under the United States,
shall be appointed an elector.

The mode of choosing electors, n. 167.

Art.

Electors' proceedings. The electors shall meet in their
respective States and vote by ballot for President and
Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an in-
habitant of the same State with themselves. They shall
name in their ballots the person voted for as President,
and, in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice-
President; and they shall make distinct lists of all
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for
as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each,
which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed
to the seat of the government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate. Amendments.. 12
The Constitution before amendment, n. 168. The acts
of Congress about the election.

Electoral votes opened and counted. The President of
the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted; the person having the greatest
number of votes for President shall be the President, if
such number be a majority of the whole number of elec-
tors appointed. Amendments.

Election by House of Representatives. And if no per-
son have such majority, then from the persons having the
highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall
choose, immediately, by ballot, the President. But, in
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States,
the representation froin each State having one vote: a
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of

12

2 1 4

34, 167

2 1 5

84, 169

all the States shall be necessary to a choice. Amend-

ments..

Election failing, the Vice-President shall act. And if
the House of Representatives shall not choose a President,
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them,
before the fourth of March next following, then the Vice-
President shall act as President, as in the case of the
death or other constitutional disability of the President.
Amendments...
PRESIDENT of the United States. No person except a natural born 12
citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office
of President; neither shall any person be eligible to the
office who shall not have attained to the age of 35 years,
and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.
The several qualifications defined and discussed, notes
169, 170, 171.
PRESIDENT of the United States. In case of the removal of the
President from office, or of his death, resignation, or in-
ability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office,
the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the
Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal,
death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and
Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as
President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the
disability be removed, or a President shall be elected

The acts of Congress for filling vacancies, n. 172, § 8, 9.
A list of the Vice-Presidents who have become Presi-
dents, n. 172, p. 170.

PRESIDENT of the United States. The President shall, at stated
times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall
neither be increased nor diminished during the period for
which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
within that period any other emolument from the United
States, or any of them.....

The amount of salary, n. 173.

PRESIDENT of the United States. Before he enter on the exe-
cution of his office, he shall take the following oath or af-
firmation:-"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
faithfully execute the office of President of the United
States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, pro-
tect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.".
The only officer required to take this oath; what it
embraces, n. 174.

PRESIDENT of the United States. The President shall be com-
mander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United
States, and of the militia of the several States when
called into the actual service of the United States; he may
require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in
each of the executive departments, upon any subject re-
lating to the duties of their respective offices; and he
shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
offenses against the United States, except in cases of im-
peachment

Need not command in person. Extent of his powers,
n. 175. The practice as to opinions. Respecting depart-
ments, n. 176. "Reprieves" defined, n. 177. "Pardons"
defined and discussed. (See Pardon, n. 77.)

PRESIDENT of the United States. He shall have power, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make
treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present con-
cur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors,
other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the Supreme
Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
which shall be established by law; but the Congress may
by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as

21 6

34,170

The

they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of
law, or in the heads of departments.

This advice, how given, n. 178. "Treaties" defined, Id.

P. 175. "Nominate" and "appoint" defined, n. 179.

"Ambassadors," defined, notes 180, 181. The effect of
these laws, n. 182. Power of removal, n. 184. The tenure of
office bill, n. 184, p. 179. (See Civil Office.)

PRESIDENT of the United States. The President shall have power
to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess
of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall
expire at the end of their next session..

This power defined and discussed, notes 185, 186.
PRESIDENT of the United States. He shall, from time to time.
give to the Congress information of the state of the Union,
and recommend to their consideration such measures as
he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extra-
ordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of
them, and, in case of disagreement between them, with
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them
to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take
care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com-
mission all the officers of the United States

Mode of giving information, n. 187. Extra sessions,
n. 188. Extent of the power to take care, n. 189.
power to commission, n. 190.

PRESIDENT of the United States. The President, Vice-President,
and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed
from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors

PRESS.

History of the effort to impeach President Johnson,
n. 194. Cannot be impeached for political offenses merely,
n. 194, pp. 187-189. President to assign district commanders
in the rebel States, n. 286, p. 282. § 2. No execution with-
out the approval of, Id. § 3. Law passed over the Presi-
dent's veto, p. 283. Copies of Constitutions to be sent to
the President, p. 285, § 5.

Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of
speech and of the press. Amendments..

Freedom defined, n. 246. Extent of the freedom of the
press, n. 247.

PRETENDED authority. Test oath in regard to it, n. 242, p. 251.
PRINCE. No person holding any office of profit or trust under the
United States, shall, without the consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State...

"Office" defined, n. 151. The inhibition does not
extend to private citizens, n. 151, p. 153.

PRINCIPAL officer. The President may require the opinion, in
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive
departments..

These principal officers are now the Secretaries of State,
War, Navy, Interior, Treasury, the Postmaster-General,
and Attorney-General, n. 176.

PRIVATE property. Nor shall private property be taken for public
use, without just compensation. Amendments...

The

Private property defined. It includes all private
property. It limits the general government, not the
States. It is a great principle of universal application.
Public use defined, n. 258. The compensation must not be
doubtful, n. 59. The questions how considered.
actual occupant of the public lands is entitled to compen-
sation, n. 59. Any destruction of property is included, n. 259.
PRIVILEGE of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public
safety may require it..

"Privilege" critically defined, notes 140, 220. It is the
right to ask for the writ, not to grant it, n. 140.