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had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law..... The President must have ten clear days, n. 69. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill... The effect of joint resolutions, and the reason of this rule, n. 70.

CONGRESS SHALL HAVE POWER:

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States...

Power defined and discussed, and the word compared by marginal references, n. 71. Taxes defined, notes 22, 72, 144, which notes distinguish direct and indirect. The extent of the power, n. 73. Of States over national banks, n. 74. Duties defined, n. 75. Imposts defined, notes 75, 144. Excise defined and discussed, n. 77. Debts defined, n. 78, p. 97. The amount each year, from the foundation of the government, n. 78, pp. 97, 98. The debt, Nov. 1, 1867, n. 78, pp. 99, 100. To provide for the common defense defined, notes 10, 78. The doctrines of the different schools, n. 79, p. 101. The Confederate States Constitu tion, n. 79, pp. 101, 102. And general welfare defined, notes 11, 80. Uniformity, notes 22, 81, 144, 145. To borrow money on the credit of the United States...

Each term defined, notes 82, 83. Under what laws treasury notes have been issued. Money and legal tenders defined and discussed, notes 82, 83, 97, 98, 129, 155. Examples of contracts payable in treasury notes, n. 84, pp. 104, 105.

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes..

To regulate defined, n. 85. Commerce defined, n. 86. With foreign nations and the States defined, n. 106, pp. 105, 106. The laws of States which violate, notes S8, 89. Eminent domain. n. 89. Extent of judicial power over it, n. 89. Concur rent powers of the States, n. 89, p. 108. The power as to slaves, p. 90. Commerce with the Indian tribes, n. 91. Their ownership of soil, n. 91. With the tribes defined, n. 91, p. 110. Indians not subject to internal revenue tax, p. 110. The subject discussed, n. 91, pp. 110, 111. The relations of the tribes defined, n. 92.

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States..

Naturalization defined, n. 93. Carries expatriation, n. 93. The subject discussed, n. 274. Exclusive in Congress, Id. Bankrupt defined, n. 94. And bankruptcy, n. 95. The power of the States over the subject, n. 96. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin; and fix the standard of weights and measures..

To coin and money defined, notes 97, 98. Is it the only legal tender? notes 82, 83, 84, 97, 98, 155. Coin has no pledge of redemption, n. 98. History of regulating value, n. 99. No express grant of power to make gold and silver a legal tender, n. 100. Intrinsic value, n. 100. To fix defined, n. 101. The acts of Congress on weights and measures, n. 102, pp. 116, 117, 118. The metric system authorized, n. 102, p. 117, § 1. The tables, Id. § 2. Measures of length, Id. Of surface, Id. Of capacity, Id. p. 118.

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Of weights, n. 202, p. 118. A ton, n. 102, pp. 116, 118.
The spirit measure, n. 102, p. 116.

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities
and current coin of the United States..
To establish post-offices and post-roads..

To establish, defined and compared with the word elsewhere, n. 104; as in notes 8, 13, 93, 94, 95, 195, 243, 245. Post-offices defined, and their history and present standing given, n. 106. Post-roads defined, n. 106.

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries...

To promote, and every word and phrase, defined, n. 107, pp. 121, 122. Inventors defined, and the law discussed, n. 108.

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court..

To constitute, and tribunals, defined, and doctrine stated, n. 109. When bound by State decisions, Id. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations..

"To define" defined, n. 110. To punish defined, and death punishment stated, n. 111. Piracy and pirate defined, n. 112. Felony defined and discussed, n. 113. High seas defined, n. 114. Offenses against the law of nations defined and discussed, n. 115. Law of nations defined, n. 116.

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water

War, civil war, and our forms of declaring, defined and given, n. 117. Gives the right to acquire territory, n. 118. Citizens of the countries at war are personally at war, n. 118. Their disabilities, n. 118. The effects of the late rebellion, n. 118. Marauders and bushwhackers not protected, n. 118, p. 128. Allegiance during civil war, n. 118, p. 129. Gives the right of conscription, notes 118, 121, 124. Marque and reprisal defined, notes 119, 120, 121. The power under the Confederation, Arts. VI., VII, VIII, pp. 11-18.

To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years...

This power did not exist in Congress under the Confederation, n. 122. To raise and support, and armies, defined, 123, 124, 125. (See Armies.)

To provide and maintain a navy

This power defined and discussed, n. 127. The sovereign rights on public ships, n. 127, p. 133. Ranks in the navy, Id. The right of Habeas Corpus over enlistments, n. 141, p. 145.

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces..

For where these rules are to be found, see n. 129. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions Militia defined, n. 180, and the laws in relation to calling them out, n. 180. The laws to be executed, notes 131, 238, 240. Insurrection defined and discussed, notes 132, 234, 235. Invasion, the law about, n. 133. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress

This power defined and discussed, n. 134. The subject of conscription, n. 184.

To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by

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cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress,
become the seat of the government of the United States,
and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by
the consent of the legislature of the State in which the
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
dock-yards, and other needful buildings..

Ceded by Maryland and Virginia, n. 136. The power to tax in, n. 137. Jurisdiction over forts and arsenals, n. 137. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof.. Necessary, and this incidental power, defined and discussed, and authorities collected, notes 138, 274. Gives Congress the incidental and instrumental powers, n. 138. CONGRESS. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person....... Migration defined, and the clause, n. 189.

CONGRESS. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State..

Title of nobility defined, n. 150. Office defined, n. 151. CONGRESS. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. This article discussed, notes 162, 163, 164. Imposts on imports defined, n. 162. Necessary explained, n. 162. CONGRESS. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships-of-war, in time of peace-enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay

Tonnage defined, n. 164. Troops means armies, n. 164. CONGRESS. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress

The choice now by elections, n. 167. The same who choose Congress, n. 167.

CONGRESS. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. The days fixed by law, n. 168c.

CONGRESS. The Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected..

The act of Congress upon the subject, n. 172, § 8, 9. List of Vice-Presidents who have become President, n. 172. CONGRESS. The Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departInents

Clerks and commissioners of courts are such, n. 188. (See Civil Officers.)

CONGRESS. The President shall, from time to time, give to the

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Congress information of the state of the Union, and recom-
mend to their consideration such measures as he shall
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in
case of disagreement between them with respect to the
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time
as he shall think proper...

Information, how given, n. 187. Extra sessions, n. 188.
Practice of the courts as to revolutionary governments,
Id. Supreme Court cannot control President's discretion,
n. 189. His power as to commissioning, n. 190.

CONGRESS. The judicial power of the United States shall be

vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts
as the Congress may from time to time ordain and estab-
lish..

See Judicial Power, notes 195-209. Judicial power de-
fined, Id. It is obligatory on'Congress to vest the power, Id.
Congress may define as well as establish jurisdiction of
inferior courts, 196. List of the present and past judges,
197.
CONGRESS. In certain cases the Supreme Court shall have appel
late jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such excep
tions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall
make.....

Appellate jurisdiction defined, n. 211. Is within the control of Congress, Id. Congress can only confer jurisdiction upon the national courts.

CONGRESS. When crimes are not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

The reason of this rule, n. 213. Where tried, when the crime has not been committed in the State, n. 214. CONGRESS Shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

Punishment defined, n. 217. Attainder defined, n. 142. Corruption of blood defined, n. 217. Punishment of treason, Id. CONGRESS. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State, to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect thereof..

(See Credit, n. 218.) The acts of authentication, n. 219. Seal of the State imports absolute verity, Id. When a State statute-book may be read, Id. The effect of a record proved under the act, p. 220, of "any State" defined, p. 219. How judicial records must be certified, Id. p. 219. Their effect when proved, notes 218, 219. There must have been service or appearance, notes 218, 219, pp. 215, 220. Proof of records not judicial, n. 219, p. 221, § 1. Decisions upon the statute, n. 219. Applies to Territories as well as States, n. 219, p. 222, § 2. This act constitutional, n. 219.

CONGRESS. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress..

New States defined, n. 229; the Confederation on the subject, Art. XI. p. 19. For a full history, n. 229. List of new States, and dates of admissión, n. 230. The effect of admission, Id.

CONGRESS. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter ritory or other property belonging to the United States;

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and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as
to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any
particular State..

"To dispose of" defined, n. 231. "Needful rules and
regulations" defined, Id. "Territory" defined, Id.
Means public property, p. 238. A full discussion of the
subject, n. 231. Other property" defined, n. 232. The
"claims" defined, n. 232.

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CONGRESS. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress: Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 1808, shall, in any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate

Amendinents have only been proposed to the legislatures, n. 236. The President's approval unnecessary, Id. History of the amendments, notes 244, 274-286.

CONGRESS. The senators and representatives in Congress shall be bound by an oath or affirmation to support this Constitution

What officers are embraced, n. 242. The oath of 1789, Id. Congress has the right to superadd to it, Id. The test oath, Id. Religious tests, Id.

CONGRESS shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Amendments

"Establishment" and "religion" defined and discussed, n. 245. Christianity is not a part of municipal law, Id. This does not restrain the States, Id. The effect upon the Catholic religion in Texas, Id. "Freedom of speech" defined, n. 246; and "of the press," n. 247. The right to petition, n. 248.

CONGRESS. The certificates of the electoral votes for President and Vice-President of the United States shall be opened by the President of the Senate, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, and the votes shall then be counted. Amendments..

CONGRESS shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendments

Appropriate" defined and compared with "necessary, notes 174. 238. This gave power to pass the Civil Rights Bill, n. 274.

CONGRESS. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Amend

ments..

CONGRESS. Powers of, under the Confederation, to determine on peace and war (with certain exceptions), Art. IX. p. 14. Of sending and receiving ambassadors, entering into treaties and alliances (with certain restrictions); of deciding on captures on land and water; granting letters of marque and reprisal; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies; a court of appeal in what cases, and how exercised, Art. IX. pp. 14-16. To determine controversies concerning the rights of soil, p. 16. To coin money and fix the standard of weights and measures; to regulate trade with the Indians, when, and how; to establish postoffices and collect postage; to appoint what army and navy

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