of the real parties, n. 208. Indian tribes not a State, Id.
The annexation of Texas made citizens of all, n. 209.

CITIZENS. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi-
leges and immunities of citizens in the several States....
This is copied from the fourth Article of the Confedera
tion, p. 10. There is no authoritative definition of citizen,
notes 220, 274. Those who became such by the Revolution,
n. 220, § (n 274, p. 273,) 1; the descendants of such, Id.
§2; of Louisiana Territory, Id. § 3; of Florida, Id. § 4;
of Texas. Id. § 5; of California, Id. § 6; of Arizona, Id.
§7; naturalized by special acts, Id. § 8; the late slaves,
Id. § 9, n. 274; the naturalized, Id. § 10; certain Indians,
Id. § 11; corporations, Id. § 12; natural born and natural-
ized, Id. § 12, and n. 74. Privileges and immunities de-
fined, n. 221. The power of the States over the sub-
ject, Id. The rights are fundamental, Id. p. 226.
The question of those of African descent discussed, n.
221, pp. 227, 228, and n. 274. The object of the guaranty, n.
222. The citizen does not carry the law of his State into
another State, n. 222.

CITIZENS. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Amendments

The reason of this amendment, n. 270. Its effect was to dismiss all pending suits, Id. CITIZENS. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Amendments..

Defined, n. 274. When the right to vote at any election, &c., is denied to any of the. (See Representatives.) Amendments...

CITIZENS. Used synonymously with "people," n. 6, p. 54. Negroes not included, Id. p. 55; but, they are by the Civil Rights Bill, notes 6, 274. None but, allowed to vote in the Confederate States, n. 16, p. 59. To be, a necessary qualification in many States of the Union, n. 16, pp. 59-64. The eleven different classificatjons of, n. 220.

CITIZENS. Commerce with foreign nations means commerce between our citizens and foreign citizens, n. 87.

CITIZENSHIP does not give the right to vote, nor the want of it invalidate it; does not depend upon the legal capacity to hold office; political rights in contradistinction to political powers, n. 18. A necessary qualification for a representative, n. 19. Senator, n. 35. President, n. 169. By naturalization; extent of, notes 93, 274. The effect of emancipation and the Civil Rights Bill upon, n. 274.

CIVIL office. (See Office.)

CIVIL officers. All civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors

Who are civil officers; strictly confined to offices of the United States-not members of Congress, n. 191. Treason and bribery defined, n. 192. High crimes and misdemeanors defined, notes 193, 194. The impeachments discussed, n. 194. For what it may and may not be had. Impeachment of the President, n. 194. See Tenure of Office, n. 184. CLAIM. Fugitive slaves shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom they belong, &c.............

(See Fugitives and Slaves.)

CLAIMS. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State..

This subject fully discussed (sce Territories), notes 231, 232. The claims of Georgia and North Carolina were referred to, n. 222.

CLASSES. The senators shall be divided as equally as may be into
three classes. (See Senators.)...

The classification, where found, and its objects, n. 34.
CLARK, ABRAHAM, of New Jersey. Signed the Dec. of Ind. p. 7.
CLARK, DANIEL. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 81.
CLAY, HENRY. Speaker of the House six years, n. 26, p. 73.
CLEAR. Vessels bound to or from one State shall not be obliged
to enter, clear, or pay duties in another...

This clause has reference to the coasting trade, n. 148... CLINGAN, WILLIAM, of Pennsylvania. Signed Articles of Confederation. p. 21.

CLINTON, GEORGE. Vice-President, n. 37.

CLYMER, GEORGE. Deputy from Pennsylvania. Signed the Dec. of
Ind. p. 7; and this Constitution, pp. 42, 252.

COBB, HOWELL. Speaker of House of Representatives, n. 26. p. 73.
COIN money. Congress shall have power to coin money, regulate
the value thereof, and of foreign coin..

COIN money. No State shall coin money

Coin defined, n. 97. Money defined, n. 98. Substitute for, n. 98. Counterfeiting, n. 98. As a legal tender discussed, notes, 83, 97, 98, 99, 100, 155.

COIN. (See Counterfeiting.).

For remarks on this see n. 152, and marginal figures there.

COIN. No State shall make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts..

But Congress may, notes 83, 84, 97-100, 155.

COLFAX, SCHUYLER. Speaker of the House, n. 26, p. 73.

COLLINS, JOHN, of Rhode Island. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.

COLLECT duties. Congress shall have power to lay and collect duties, taxes, iinposts, and excises..

The full extent of this power considered (See Congress, notes, 72 to 81), notes 22, 144.

COLLECTOR cannot hold the office of an inspector, n. 63. COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. The President shall be commander-inchief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States....

Why this power given to one head; need not command in person, n. 175. When his power over the militia commences, n. 175. COMMERCE. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes..

To regulate and commerce defined, n. 86. It includes navigation, notes 86, 87; and certain railroads, n. 274. "With foreign nations" defined, n. 87, pp. 105, 106. State license and other laws unconstitutional, notes 88, 89, 144. What navigable waters are public property, n. 89. And railroads, n. 274. The concurrent powers of the States, n. 89, p. 108, n. 144. The power among the States, n. 90. And with the Indian tribes, defined and discussed, n. 91. Not subject to State taxation, n. 91, p. 110. The Indian relations defined, n. 92.

COMMERCE. No preference shall be given by any regulations of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels, bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another..

Preference defined, n. 147. Inspection laws retained, Id.
Vessels bound defined, 148.
COMMERCE, inter-State. Was intended to be as free as possible,

n. 162.

COMMISSIONS. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session..

How vacancies may happen, n. 185. If they occur during the recess, Id. If the Senate do not ratify, the office remains in abeyance, n. 184, § 3.

COMMISSIONS. The President shall commission all the officers of
the United States...

When those rejected appointments expire, n. 186.
Do not embrace matters after nomination, n. 196.

The President shall commission all officers; this is not
appointing them, n. 190.

COMMITTEE of the States. Congress might appoint a; their powers defined. Confederation, Art. IX..

COMMON defense, &c. The Constitution established to provide for the common defense, &c. Preamble..

COMMON defense. Congress shall have power to provide for the common defense..

Preamble defined, n. 10. Omitted from the Confederate preamble, n. 5. Retained among powers, Id. The power discussed, n. 79.

COMMON law. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Amendments..

Common law is used in contradistinction to equity and admiralty, notes 200, 263. Compared with other clauses, defined, n. 263. Relates to proceedings in the federal courts only; the prohibition defined and discussed, n. 263, Christianity is not a part of the, n. 245.

COMPACT. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or a foreign power....

COMPACT. The Constitution created a government, not a mere compact, Pref. p. viii. notes 2, 4.

Compact or agreement defined and discussed, n. 164.
COMPEL the attendance of absent members. A smaller number

than a quorum of each house may compel the attendance
of absent members, in such manner and under such pen-
alties as each house may provide..

COMPENSATION. The senators and representatives shall receive
a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law,
and paid out of the Treasury of the United States........
Of members, n. 53. How fixed, n. 54.

COMPENSATION of the President of the United States. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States; or any of them...... Fixed at $25,000 per annum, n. 173.

COMPENSATION. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

Fixed by statute, n. 198.

COMPENSATION. Nor shall private property be taken for public
use without just compensation. Amendments...
What is just compensation, and how it must be made,
defined and discussed, n. 259. Public use defined, n. 258.

COMPULSORY process. In all criminal prosecutions the accused to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. Amendments..

Compulsory process defined, n. 264. Why the assistance of counsel, n. 265.

CONCUR. The Senate may propose and concur in amendments to revenue bills, &c,.

The reason, n. 64. Revenue defined, n. 65. CONCURRENCE. No person shall be convicted on an impeachment without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present

(See n. 39.)

CONCURRENCE. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the two houses may be necessary, shall be presented to the President, except, &c

Explained; why adjournment is excepted, n. 70.

CONFEDERACY. "The style of this shall be 'The United States
of America." Was a firm league of friendship. (See
Articles of Confederation. Art. I. p. 9.)

CONFEDERATION. Articles of, agreed to, notes 8, 9.
CONFEDERATION. No State shall enter into any confederation....
Because it is a national power, n. 152. (See Agree-
ment.)

CONFEDERATION. All debts contracted or engagements entered
into before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as
valid against the United States under this Constitution as
under the Confederation....

This was but asserting a general principle, n. 237. CONFEDERATE States. Extracts from Constitution of, n. 5, p. 38; n. 70, pp. 101, 202; n. 149, p. 151. Was not a de facto gov

ernment, n. 215.

CONFESSION in open court. No person shall be convicted of trea-
son unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same
overt act, or on confession in open court....
(See Treason, notes 215, 216.)

CONFISCATIONS under foreign treaties are political questions, n.
199, p. 195. Under the laws of the Confederate States,
void, n. 213.

CONFRONTED. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to be confronted with the witnesses against him. Amendments....

The accused defined, n. 260. The reason of witnesses,

261.

CONGRESS, United States.

shall be vested in Congress

All legislative powers herein granted

16-46.

CONGRESS, members of. (See Senators, Representatives.) Notes

CONGRESS, United States. Shall consist of a Senate and House of
Representatives..

The legislative power defined, n. 14. Distinguished from the executive and judicial, notes 165, 199, 274. Congress defined and discussed, n. 15.

CONGRESS shall by law direct the manner in which the census or enumeration of the people shall be made...

For the numbers, see n. 24. Census defined, n. 144. CONGRESS. The first Congress to consist of 65 members, from the several States as mentioned herein. (See Representatives.).. For the numbers under the census of 1860, see n. 24, pp. 68, 69.

CONGRESS. The time, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators

How far this power has been exercised, n. 41. It cannot give the right to say who shall vote, n. 41.

CONGRESS shall assemble at least once in every year, and such

meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless
they shall by law appoint a different day.

The sessions defined by the law of 1867, n. 43.

CONGRESS of the United States:-
Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each
shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller
number may adjourn from day to day, and may be author-
ized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such
manner and under such penalties as each house may
provide.

The elections, returns, and qualifications defined, notes
44, 45, 46, with reference to notes 19, 35, and 41. The dif-
ferences between the President and Congress presented,
n. 46. Superadded qualifications, n. 46, pp. 85, 86.
Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish
its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concur-
rence of two-thirds, expel a member..

Sam

The rules, where found, n. 47. This gives the power to punish members and others for contempts, n. 48. Houston's case, n. 48. Expulsion defined, n. 49. Expulsion for rebellion, n. 50.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal

The object of the journal. and yeas and nays, n. 51. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

The reasons of this rule, n. 52.

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills

The present compensation and reason, n. 53. Why ascertained by law, n. 54. Privilege defined, n. 55. For what offenses not privileged, n. 56. To whom and how long the privilege from arrest extends, n. 57. The consequences of arrest, n. 58. When the privilege commences, n. 59. Contestants entitled to it, n. 60. Freedom of debate, n. 61. To what confined, n. 61, p. 90.

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it..

Bills take effect from approval, n. 66. The negative is the veto power, n. 67, p. 92. Veto defined; its objects and history, n. 67, pp. 92, 93. President Johnson's use of it, Id.

If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law.

Two-thirds of a quorum sufficient, n. 68. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house, respectively.

If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he