pupils from the respective cities and counties conforming as nearly as might be to the ratio of the population, to fix the location of the school and the terms and conditions on which the grounds and buildings therefor should be rented should the corporation of the city of Albany not provide the same, and to provide in all things for the good government and management of the school. They should appoint a board consisting of five persons, including the superintendent, who should constitute an executive committee for the care, management, and government of the school, and should from time to time make full and detailed reports to the superintendent and regents, and, among other things, recommend the rules and regulations which they deemed necessary and proper for the school. The superintendent and regents should annually transmit to the legislature a full account of their proceedings and expenditures of said moneys, together with a detailed report by the executive committee of the progress, condition, and prospects of the school.

In 1848 the treasurer was directed to pay, to the order of the superintendent, from the general fund, a sum not exceeding $15,000, to be expended in the erection of suitable buildings for the accommodation of the state normal school, upon ground owned by the state lying in the rear of the geological rooms.

In 1850 it was directed that the treasurer should pay, to the order of the superintendent of common schools, from the general fund a sum not exceeding $1000 per year, for the support and education of the Indian youth in the state normal school. The selection of such youth should be made by the said superintendent from the several Indian tribes located within the state, due regard being had to a just participation in the pri

vileges by each of the several tribes, and, if practicable, also to the population of each tribe in determining such selection. Such youth should not be under sixteen years of age, nor should any of them be supported or educated at the normal school longer than three years. The executive committee of the state normal school (five persons, including the superintendent as stated) should be the guardians of the Indian youth during the period of their connection with the school, and pay their necessary expenses, not to exceed $100 per year for each pupil, to be defrayed out of said $1000; and these Indian pupils should enjoy the same privileges of every kind as the other pupils attending the school, including the payment of travelling expenses, not exceeding $10 to each pupil.

In 1866 the governor, lieutenantgovernor, secretary of state, comptroller, state treasurer, attorneygeneral, and the superintendent of public instruction, were appointed a commission to receive proposals, in writing, in regard to the establishment of normal and training schools for the education and discipline of teachers for the common schools of the state, from the board of supervisors of any county in the state, from the corporate authority of any city or village, from the board of trustees of any college or academy, and from one or more individuals. These proposals should contain specifications for the purchase of lands and the erection thereon of suitable buildings for such schools, or for the appropriation of land and buildings to such use, and also for the furnishing with furniture, apparatus, books, and everything necessary for support and management. Should any such proposals be accepted, said board or corporate authorities should have power to raise by tax and expend the money necessary to carry

the same into effect; and, if deemed expedient, to borrow money for such purpose for any time not exceeding ten years, and issue corporate bonds of said county, city, or village therefor. The powers of the commission were to cease when the schools were ready for opening in accordance with the proposals accepted, and this had been certified in writing; and thereupon the superintendent of public instruction was to appoint a local board, consisting of not less than three persons, to respectively hold their offices until removed by the concurrent action of the chancellor of the university and the said superintendent, who should have the immediate supervision and management of such school, subject however to his general supervision, and to his direction, in all things pertaining to the school. This local board has power to appoint one of their number chairman, and another secretary of the board. Two thirds of each board forms a quorum for the transaction of business, and in the absence of any officer of the board, another member may be appointed ad interim to fill his place, and perform his duties. This board makes and establishes, and from time to time alters and amends, subject to the approval of the said superintendent, such rules and regulations for the government of such schools under their charge respectively as they deem best. They also severally transmit, through the superintendent, and subject to his approval, a report to the legislature on the first day of January in each year, showing the condition of the school under their charge during the year next preceding, &c., and specially including an account in detail of their receipts and expenditures, duly verified by the oath or affirmation of their chairman and secretary. The local board, subject to the approval

of the superintendent, prescribes the course of study to be pursued in each of said schools; and the superintendent determines what number of teachers shall be employed in each school, and their wages, whose employment shall also be subject to his approval. He orders, in his discretion, that one or more of said schools shall be composed exclusively of males and one or more of females; decides upon the number of pupils to be admitted to each school; and prescribes the time and manner of their selection; but he takes care in such selection that every part of the state has its proportionate representation in such school as near as may be according to population; but if any school commissioner district or any city is not, for any cause, fully represented in either of said schools, then the superintendent may cause the maximum number of such pupils to be supplied from any part of the state, giving preference however to those living in the county, city, or village where such school is situated. All applicants are subject, before admission, to a preliminary examination before such of the teachers of the school as are designated by the local board for that purpose, and those who pass such examination are admitted to all the privileges of the school, free from all charge for tuition, or for the use of books or apparatus, but every pupil pays for books lost by him, and for any damage of books in his possession. Any pupil may be dismissed from the school by the local board for immoral or disorderly conduct, or for neglect or inability to perform his duties. superintendent of public instruction prepares suitable diplomas, to be granted to the students who have completed one or more of the courses of study and discipline prescribed; and a diploma signed by him, the chairman and secretary of the local

The

board, and the principal of the school, | is of itself a certificate of qualification to teach common schools; but such diploma may be annulled for the immoral conduct of its holder. $12,000 are annually appropriated for the support of each of the normal and training schools so organised, payable out of the income of the common school fund, to be paid by the treasurer, on the warrant of the comptroller upon the certificate of the superintendent of public instruction affixed to the proper accounts, verified by the oath or affirmation of the local board of each school; but no such money shall be paid for the purchase of any ground, site, or buildings. Local boards shall not consist of more than thirteen members.

The local boards of managers of the respective normal schools have the custody, keeping, and management of the grounds and buildings provided or used for the purposes of such schools respectively, and other property of the state pertaining thereto. Wilful trespass in or upon, or wilful injury to, any of the said property, is a misdemeanour punishable by fine and imprisonment, or either. For the purpose of protecting and preserving such buildings and other property, and preventing injuries thereto, and preserving order, preventing disturbances, and preserving the peace in the buildings and upon the grounds, the local boards of managers of each normal school have power, by resolution or otherwise, to appoint from time to time one or more special policemen, and to remove the same at pleasure, who are public officers, with the same powers as constables of the town or city where such school is located, whose duty it is to preserve order, protect the property, arrest any and all persons making any loud or unusual noise, causing any disturbance, com

mitting any breach of the peace or misdemeanour, or any wilful trespass, and convey any persons so arrested, with a statement of the cause of the arrest, before a proper magistrate, to be dealt with according to law.

An Act passed in 1853 directed the treasurer to pay yearly, out of the income of the United States deposit or literature funds not otherwise appropriated, to the trustees of one or more academies in each county, as the regents of the university should designate, the sum of $10 for each scholar, not to exceed twenty-five scholars to each academy, who should have been in such academy instructed, under a course prescribed by the regents, during at least one-third of the academic year, in the science of common-school teaching. This Act was amended in 1855, and the treasurer was directed to pay out of said unappropriated income the sum of $18,000 yearly for instruction in academies in the science of commonschool teaching, under a course of study prescribed by the regents of the university, to be paid thus: to the trustees of all academies selected for that purpose by the regents in the state, the sum of $10 for each scholar, not to exceed twenty scholars to each academy, who should have been in such academy instructed, as above described; and a sum not exceeding $3000, portion of the $18,000, for instruction in such academies in physiology and the laws of health, and such other special subjects as the said regents should deem necessary, to be taught on a uniform system in all the academies so selected as aforesaid by a teacher or teachers, on the certificate of the regents that the said uniform course of instruction has been given by such teachers, under their directions, in conformity with said provisions.

In 1877 the treasurer was directed to pay yearly, out of the not other

wise appropriated income of the United States deposit fund, $35,000, to be applied thus: $30,000 for the instruction in academies and union schools in the science and practice of common - school teaching, under a course prescribed by the regents of the university; and $5000 to the regents for establishing and conducting examinations as to attainments in learning, under the direction of the regents. The academies and union schools are designated by the regents, and are distributed among the counties as nearly as well may be, having reference to the number of school districts in each, to location, and to the character of the institutions selected. Every academy and union school so designated shall instruct a class of not less than ten nor more than twenty-five scholars; and every scholar admitted to such class continues under instruction not less than ten weeks in one school term. The regents prescribe the conditions of admission to the classes, the course of instruction, and the rules and regulations under which said instruction is given, and, in their discretion, determine the number of classes which may be formed in any one year in any academy or union school, and the length of time, exceeding ten weeks, during which such instruction may be given-all to be in the same school term. Instruction is free to such admitted scholars who have continued in such classes the said length of time required. The trustees of all the academies and union schools in which such instruction is given, are paid from the said appropriation at

the rate of $1 for each week's instruction of each pupil, on the certificate of the regents, furnished to the comptroller. The regents establish in the academies and academic departments of union schools, subject to their visitation, examinations in such branches of study as are commonly taught in the same, and determine the rules and regulations in accordance with which they are conducted. The examinations are prescribed in such studies, and are arranged in such a manner as in the judgment of the regents will furnish a suitable standard of graduation from said academies and academic departments of union schools and of admission to the several colleges; and the regents confer such honorary certificates or diplomas as they deem expedient upon those pupils who satisfactorily pass these examinations. The regents can establish examinations as to attainments in learning of any persons applying for admission to the same, prescribe rules and regulations for the admission of candidates to said examinations, and for conducting them, and confer and award such degrees, honorary testimonials, or diplomas, to persons who satisfactorily pass such examinations, as the regents may deem expedient. They audit and certify to the comptroller all accounts for the expenses of establishing and conducting such examinations, and all contingent expenses attending the same, and the amounts thereof are paid from the said $35,000, which sum is made up of $17,000 added to the $18,000 appropriated by the general appropriation Act of 1877.

known as the board of control of the state experiment station. The governor is a trustee ex officio, and six trustees form a quorum. The board of control has the general management of the station, and appoints a director to have the general oversight and management of the experiments and investigations which are necessary to accomplish the objects of the institution, and may employ competent and suitable chemists and other persons necessary to the carrying on of the work of the

station. It may acquire, by lease or otherwise, such real estate as may, in its judgment, be necessary for carrying on the work; and has the direction of the expenditure of all moneys appropriated to the institution for the purposes aforesaid, or otherwise received; and annually makes a full report to the legislature of its proceedings, receipts, and expenditures. All property acquired belongs to the state, and is disposed of, and used, only as authorised by law.

Any ten or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, and a majority of them citizens of this state, who desire to form a county or town agricultural society in any county, town, city, or village in the state, may do so by taking the usual steps for forming an incorporation. There can be but one county society in any one county, and but one society in any one town; but any two or three or four towns may join and organise a society for the same; but such organisation does not prohibit the organisation of any town society for either one of such towns.

The presidents of the several county societies, or a delegate chosen by them annually for the purpose, are ex officio members of the New York State Agricultural Society. It

is the duty of this state society, and the several county societies, and the American Institute in the city of New York, annually to regulate and award premiums on such articles, productions, and improvements as they deem best calculated to promote the agricultural and household manufacturing interests of the state, having especial reference to the net profits which accrue, or are likely to accrue, from the mode of raising the crop or

stock, or the fabrication of the article offered, with the intention that the reward shall be given for the most economical or profitable mode of competition; provided always that before any premium shall be delivered, the person claiming the same, or to whom the same may be awarded, shall deliver in writing to the president of the society as accurate a description of the process in preparing the soil, including the quantity and quality of the manure applied, in raising the crop, and the kind and quantity of food in feeding the animal, as may be; and also of the expense and product of the crop, or of increase in the value of the animal, with the view of showing accurately the profit of cultivating the crop or feeding or fattening the animal. The presidents of the State Agricultural Society and of the American Institute, and the presidents of the several county societies, who receive or expend any moneys appropriated by the state, annually, on or before the first February, transmit to the comptroller a detailed account of the expenditure of all such moneys, and also the vouchers; and the presidents of the several county societies, and of the American Institute, annually trans