Columbia, must be actual residents of the districts or territories respectively from which they are nominated, and must, at the time of their examination for admission, be between the ages of fourteen and eighteen years, and physically sound, well formed, and of robust constitution. Naval cadets found deficient at any examination are not continued at the academy or in the service, unless upon the recommendation of the academic board. The storekeeper at the academy is detailed from the paymaster's corps, and has authority, with the approval of the Secretary of the Navy, to procure clothing and other necessaries for the naval cadets and cadet engineers in the same manner as supplies are furnished to the Navy, to be issued under such regulations as the Secretary of the Navy may prescribe.

The academic course of naval cadets is six years. Those who

naval cadet whose position in his class entitles him to be retained in the service, may, upon his own application, be honourably discharged at the end of four years' course at the Naval Academy, with a proper certificate of graduation. The Secretary of the Navy may prescribe a special course of study and training, at home or abroad, for any naval cadet. He also arranges the course of studies, and the order of recitations at the Naval Academy, so that the students are not required to pursue their studies on Sunday.

The Secretary of the Navy is authorised to make provision, by regulations issued by him, for educating at the Naval Academy, as naval constructors or steam engineers, such naval cadets and others as show a peculiar aptitude therefor, and for this purpose form a separate class at the academy, styled "cadet en

uating examination at the academy take rank according to their proficiency as shown by the order of their merit; and may be appointed to fill vacancies in the lower grades of the line and engineer corps of the Navy and of the marine corps. These appointments are made from the graduates of the year in the order of merit, the assignments to the various corps being made by the Secretary of the Navy upon the recommendation of the academic board. At least ten such appointments are to be made in each year. If there be a surplus of graduates, those who do not receive appointments are given a certificate of graduation, an honourable discharge, and one year's pay of an ensign. The pay of a naval cadet during such period of his course of instruction as is at sea in other than practice ships, is not over $950 per annum ; on shore it is $500 per annum. Any

persons all proper facilities for such a scientific mechanical education as will fit them for said purposes. Cadet engineers are appointed annually by the Secretary of the Navy, and the number appointed each year is not to exceed twentyfive. Their course is four years, including two years of service on naval steamers. They are examined from time to time according to regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy, and if found deficient at any examination, or if dismissed for misconduct, are not continued in the academy or in the service except upon the recommendation of the academic board.

Every year there is appointed a board of visitors to attend the annual examination of the academy. Seven persons are appointed by the President, and two senators and three. members of the House of Representatives are designated by the Vice

President or President pro tempore of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively, at the session of Congress next preceding such examination. Each member of this board receives not over eight cents per mile travelled by the most direct route from his residence to Annapolis, and the same from Annapolis to his residence on returning.

By law the nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics, and special instructions as to their effects upon the human system in connection with the several divisions of the subject of physiology and hygiene, shall be included in the branches of study taught in the Naval Academy. The same provisions of this law of 1886 apply to the Military Academy, as more fully treated of in the account of that academy.

The 1886-87 appropriations provided for 2 professors-namely, one of mathematics and one of physics, with salaries of $2500; 3 professors (assistants)—namely, one of chemistry, one of Spanish and French, and one of English studies, history, and law, at $2200 each; 5 assistant-professors -namely, one of English studies, history, and law, three of French, and one of drawing, at $1800 each; sword-master, $1500, and two assistants at $1000 each; boxingmaster and gymnast at $1200; assistant-librarian at $1400; secretary of the Naval Academy, $1800; 3 clerks to superintendent at $1200, $1000, and $800 respectively; 1 clerk to commandant of cadets, $1200; 1 clerk to paymaster, $1000; 1 dentist, $1600; 1 baker, $600; 1 mechanic in department of physics and chemistry, $730; 1 cook, $325.50;

1 messenger to superintendent, $600; 1 gunner's mate, $469.50, and 1 quarter - gunner, $409.50; 1 cockswain, $469.50; 1 seaman in the department of seamanship, $349.50; one attendant in the department of astronomy, and 1 in the department of physics and chemistry, $300 each; 6 attendants at recitation - rooms, library, store, chapel, and offices, $300 each; 1 bandmaster, $528; 21 first-class musicians at $348 each; 7 second-class musicians, $300 each -in all, $52,119. For the special course of study and training authorised, $5000. There were items for the captain of the watch, at $2.50 per day; 4 watchmen at $2 each; and for a staff of mechanics and labourers, and "twenty servants to keep in order and attend to quarters of naval cadets and public buildings, at $25 per month each-in all, $44,122.45." There were other items for employees in the department of steam engineering-1 master-machinist at $4 per day; 1 boiler-maker and 1 pattern-maker at $3.50 each; 2 machinists and 1 blacksmith at $2.50 each; and 4 labourers at $1.50 each - in all, $7851; and several other sums, among them items for headstones for the graves of 60 sailors and marines buried in the naval cemetery, who lost their lives by being wrecked in the United States steamer Huron, $500. And $50,000 for commencing the erection of the New Naval Observatory on the site purchased under the Act of Congress approved February 4, 1880; provided that the construction of no building should be commenced except an observatory proper, with necessary offices for observers and computers.

According to the 1886-87 appropriation Act the active list of officers of the United States Marine Corps consists of 1 colonel commandant, 2 lieutenant-colonels, 1 adjutant and inspector, 1 paymaster, 1 quartermaster, 4 majors, 2 assistant quartermasters, 1 judge - advocate - general United States Navy, 19 captains, 30 first lieutenants, and 19 second lieutenants; and the retired list of 1 colonel, 1 quartermaster, 3 majors, 2 assistant quartermasters, 4 captains, 1 first lieutenant, and 3 second lieutenants. The sum appropriated for the pay of those on the active list was $181,265, and of those on the retired list, $31,290. The sum of $389,052 was appropriated for the pay of 1 sergeant-major, 1 quartermaster-sergeant, 1 leader of the band, 1 drum-major, 50 first sergeants, 140 sergeants, 180 corporals, 30 musicians, 96 drummers and fifers, and 1500 privates. The civil force consists of 10 clerks and 2 messengers, at a cost of $16,035. There are barracks at Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Boston, Massachusetts; Brooklyn, New York; League Island, Pennsylvania; Annapolis, Maryland; headquarters and navy-yards at Washington, District of Columbia; Gosport, Virginia; Mare Island, California; Pensacola, Florida. The offices of the assistant quartermasters are at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Francisco, California.

An officer may be advanced to a higher grade for distinguished conduct in conflict with the enemy, or for extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession, but not exceeding thirty numbers in rank. The staff of the Marine Corps is separated from the line. No person under twenty or over twenty-five years of age is appointed from civil life as a

commissioned officer, nor is any person so appointed until his qualifications for the service have been examined and approved under the directions of the Secretary of the Navy. All marine officers are credited with the length of time they may have been employed as officers or enlisted men in the Volunteer serIvice of the United States. Enlistments into the Marine Corps are for a period not less than five years; and, while enlisted, marines are exempt from all personal arrest for debt or contract. The pay and allowances of the officers, and the bounty for re-enlisting of the enlisted men, are the same as those of officers and enlisted men of like grades in the infantry of the Army. The marines composing the corps of musicians known as the "Marine Band" receive at the rate of $4 a-month in addition to their pay as non-commissioned officers, musicians, or privates of the Marine Corps, so long as they perform by order of the Secretary of the Navy or other superior officer on the Capitol grounds or the President's grounds. 20 cents per month are deducted from the pay of officers and enlisted men for Navy hospitals. The non-commissioned officers, privates, and musicians receive one Navy ration daily. corps is liable to do duty in the forts and garrisons of the United States, on the sea-coast, or any other duty on shore as the President at his

The

discretion may direct. The corps is at all times subject to the laws and regulations established for the government of the Navy, except when detached for service with the Army by order of the President, and then it is subject to the rules and Articles of War prescribed for the government of the Army.

The Volunteer Navy was abolished by the Act of February 15, 1879, which made it the duty of the Secretary of the Navy to organise a board of five line officers of the Navy, none of whom should be below the grade of captain, to make an examination of the line officers then composing the Volunteer Navy of the United States, similar to that required in the examination of officers for promotion; and to organise a board of five medical officers of the Navy to make an examination of the 18 acting and 3 acting passed assistant surgeons then in the service, should they desire to present themselves, which should be such as is required in the examination of medical officers for admission as assistant surgeons. In all cases where the board found

that such officers were professionally, morally, and physically qualified to perform the duties of their position, and so reported to the Secretary of the Navy, the President of the United States could, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint such officers in the line and assistant surgeons in the regular Navy of the United States; while those not qualified were mustered out of the service of the Government, within six months from the passage of the Act, with one year's pay. the event of physical disqualification which occurred in the line of duty, officers were, upon the recommendation of a retiring board, placed upon the retired list, with the pay to officers of like designation in the regular Navy.

In

The liberality with which pensions have been granted by Congress has been perhaps excessive and much abused. It may be that politicians have made political capital, and pension agents, &c., large profits. The appropriations for the fiscal year 1886-87 contain the following items for Army and Navy pensions, viz.:—

1. For invalids, widows, minor children, and dependent relatives, and survivors and widows of the war of 1812, $75,000,000; provided that the appropriations for Navy pensions shall be paid from the income of the Navy pension fund, so far as the same may be sufficient for that purpose; and provided further that the amount expended upon each of the above items shall be accounted for separately.

2. For fees and expenses of examining surgeons, $821,000.

3. For the salaries of 18 agents for

the payment of pensions at $4000 each, $72,000.

4. For clerk-hire, rents, fuel, lights, postages, stationery, and other necessary expenses to be approved by the Secretary of the Interior, $9000-in all, $182,200.

PENSION OFFICE.

5. Pay of commissioner, deputy commissioner, second deputy commissioner, chief clerk, assistant chief clerk, medical referee, assistant medical referee, 2 qualified surgeons, 18 medical examiners, 12 chiefs of division, law clerk, 45 principal examiners for Review Board, 24 assistant chiefs of division, 3 stenographers, 74 clerks of class four, 95 clerks of class three, 372 clerks of class two, 361 clerks of class one, 200 clerks, 1 superintendent of buildings, 2 engin

eers, 85 copyists, 25 messengers, 20 messenger - boys, 1 captain of the watch, 3 sergeants of the watch, 20 watchmen, 3 firemen, 25 labourers, and 5 charwomen at $400 each-in | all, $1,808,750.

6. Per diem, &c., special examiners, $320,000.

7. Additional force of 150 special examiners, $210,000. No person so appointed shall be employed in the state from which he is appointed.

8. For per diem in lieu of subsistence for said 150 special examiners while travelling on duty, $190,000.

The rate of pension for widows, minor children, and dependent relatives is $12 per month, as fixed by the laws of 1886, chap. 22, which did not affect the then existing allowance of $2 per month for each child under the age of sixteen years. This Act applies only to widows who were married to the deceased soldier or sailor prior to its passage, and to those who might marry prior to or during the service of the soldier or sailor.

The laws of 1886, chap. 899, provide that all persons who, while in the military or naval service of the United States, and in the line of duty, have lost one hand or one foot or been totally disabled in the same, shall receive a pension of $30 amonth; those who in like manner have lost either an arm at or above the elbow, or a leg at or above the

knee, or been totally disabled in the same, $36 per month; those who in like manner have lost either an arm at the shoulder-joint, or a leg at the hip-joint, or so near the joint as to prevent the use of an artificial limb, $45 per month. Soldiers and sailors who have lost either both hands or both feet, or the sight of both eyes, in the service of the United States, or become totally blind from causes occurring in the service of the United States, receive the sum of $72 per month. For total disability or a permanent specific disability, there is special provision; and for inferior disability not specially provided for, $18 per month, or a sum less than that. Disease contracted in the line of duty entitles to pension if its effects are permanent. The laws of 1878, chap. 28, directed the Secretary of the Interior to place on the pension rolls the names of the surviving officers and enlisted and drafted men, without regard to colour, including militia and volunteers of the military and naval service of the United States, who served for fourteen days in the war with Great Britain of 1812, or who were in any engagement and were honourably discharged, and the surviving widows of such officers and enlisted and drafted men. It is needless to follow the several expansions of the pension rolls to their present magnitude.

general, and the adjutant - general constitute a board of commissioners, two being a quorum, whose duty it is to examine and audit the accounts of the treasurer quarter-yearly, and to visit and inspect the Soldiers' Home at least once in every month. The majority have power to establish, from time to time, regulations for the