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ment of Justice, $7000; for the Post Office Department, $180,000; for the Agricultural Department, $18,000; for the Supreme Court of the United States, $5000; for the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, $1000; for the Court of Claims, $14,000; for the Library of Congress, $12,000; and for the Executive Office, $3000. All printing and engraving for the Geological Survey, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department and the Signal Service should, in future, be estimated for separately and in detail, and appropriated for separately for each of said bureaux. No more than an allotment of one-half of the sum appropriated was to be expended in

the two first quarters of the fiscal year, and no more than one-fourth with any unexpended balance from previous quarters in either of the two last quarters. To enable the public printer to comply with the provisions of the law granting fifteen days' annual leave to the employees of the Government printing - office, $95,000, or so much thereof as necessary; for protection from destruction by fire of the public printingoffice buildings and property at Washington, District of Columbia, by the introduction therein of such methods as the architect of the Capitol and the public printer might regard as most efficient for the purpose, $8000, or so much thereof as necessary.

THE JUDICIARY OF THE UNITED STATES.

DISTRICT COURTS.

The United States are divided into judicial districts. Many single states each form a judicial district, others are divided into two, and still others into three judicial districts, no district being divided between two or more states. For example, the State of New York is divided into three judicial districts, called respectively the northern, eastern, and southern districts of New York. The northern district includes the counties of Rensselaer, Albany, Schoharie, and Delaware, with all the counties north and west of them; the eastern district includes the counties of Richmond, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk, with the waters thereof (being Long Island, in which is the large city of Brooklyn, and Staten Island); and the southern district includes the residue of the state (chiefly New York city and county), with the waters thereof. The district courts of the southern and eastern districts

of New York have concurrent jurisdiction over the waters within the counties of New York, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk (which divide New York from Long Island), and over all seizures made and all matters done in such waters; and all processes or orders issued out of either of said courts, or by any judge thereof, run and are executed in any part of said waters.

A district judge is appointed for almost every district, and he must reside in his district, or be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanour. In the States of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina one district judge is the district judge of each district included in the state respectively, and he must reside within one or other of his districts, or be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanour. In Tennessee there are three districts and two district judges, one of whom has two districts. The district judge for the southern district of Florida must re

side at Key West. In all there are fifty-six district judges, whose salaries are-some $5000, some $4000, and the rest $3500, with no allowance for travel, expense, or otherwise, payable quarterly from the Treasury. District judges cannot practise as lawyers while holding their appointment as judge. A clerk is appointed for each district court by the judge thereof, except in cases otherwise provided for by law, and he has to give bond in from $5000 to $20,000, with sufficient sureties approved by the court for which he is appointed, which is filed in the Department of Justice. A clerk who wilfully refuses or neglects to make any report, certificate, statement, or other document required by law to be made by him, or to forward the same to the department, officer, or person to whom by law the same are to be forwarded, must be removed from office by the President of the United States by an order in writing, and is deemed guilty of a high misdemeanour punishable by fine or imprisonment, and he is ineligible to any appointment as clerk or deputy clerk for the period of two years next after such removal. In the eastern district of Arkansas are two clerks, one of them residing and keeping his office at Little Rock, and the other at Helena. In the district of Kentucky a clerk is appointed at each place of holding the court, in the same manner and subject to the same duties and responsibilities provided concerning clerks in independent districts. One or more deputies of any clerk of a district court may be appointed by the court on the application of the clerk, and may be removed at the pleasure of judges authorised to make the appointment. In certain states it is provided by law that several deputies be appointed. In case of the death of the clerk, his deputy or deputies, unless re

moved, continue in office and perform the duties of the clerk in his name, until a clerk is appointed and qualified-and for the default or misfeasance in office of any such deputy, whether in the lifetime of the clerk or after his death, the clerk and his estate, and the sureties in his official bond, are liable, and his executor or administrator has such remedy for any such default or misfeasance committed after his death as the clerk would be entitled to if the same had occurred in his lifetime. The compensation of deputies is paid by the clerks respectively, and allowed in the same manner that other expenses of the clerks' offices are paid and allowed. The records of a district court are kept at the place where the court is held, and when held at more than one place in any district, and the place of keeping the records is not specially provided by law, they are kept at either of the places of holding the court which may be designated by the district judge.

The district courts have jurisdiction as follows::

1. Of all crimes and offences cognisable under the authority of the United States committed within their respective districts, or upon the high seas, the punishment of which is not capital, except in the cases mentioned in section 5412, title "Crimes," of the United States Revised Statutes.

2. Of all cases arising under any Act for the punishment of piracy, when no circuit court is held in the district of such court.

3. Of all suits for penalties and forfeitures incurred under any law of the United States.

4. Of all suits at common law brought by the United States, or by any officer thereof authorised by law to sue.

5. Of all suits in equity to enforce the lien of the United States upon any real estate for any internal

revenue tax, or to subject to the payment of any such tax any real estate owned by the delinquent, or in which he has any right, title, or interest.

6. Of all suits for the recovery of any forfeiture or damages under section 3490 of the United States Revised Statutes, title "Debts due by or to the United States"; and such suits may be tried and determined by any district court within whose jurisdictional limits the defendant may be found.

7. Of all causes of action arising from the postal laws of the United States.

8. Of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, saving to suitors in all cases the right of a common law remedy where the common law is competent to give it; and of all seizures on land and on waters not within admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. And such jurisdiction is exclusive, except in the particular cases where jurisdiction of such causes and seizures is given to the circuit courts, and have original and exclusive cognisance of all prizes brought into the United States, with a few exceptions.

9. Of all proceedings for the condemnation of property taken as prize in pursuance of section 5308, title "Insurrection," of the United States Revised Statutes.

10. Of all suits by the assignee of any debenture for drawbacks of duties issued under any law for the collection of duties against the person to whom such debenture was originally granted, or against any indorser thereof, to recover the amount of such debenture.

11. Of all suits authorised by law to be brought by any person for the recovery of damages on account of any injury to his person or property, or of the deprivation of any right or privilege of a citizen of the United

States by any act done in furtherance of any conspiracy mentioned in section 1985, title "Civil Rights," of the United States Revised Statutes.

12. Of all suits at law or in equity authorised by law to be brought by any person to redress the deprivation, under colour of any law, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of any state of any right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution of the United States, or of any right secured by any law of the United States to persons within the jurisdiction thereof. The district and circuit courts have, exclusively of the courts of the several states, cognisance of all crimes and offences against and violations of "an Act to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights."

13. Of all suits to recover the possession of any office except that of elector of President or Vice-President, representative or delegate in Congress, or member of a state legis| lature, authorised by law to be brought, wherein it appears that the sole question touching the title to said office arises out of the denial of the right to vote to any citizen offering to vote on account of race, colour, or previous condition of servitude. Provided that such jurisdiction extends only so far as to determine the rights of the parties to such office by reason of the denial of the right guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, and secured by any law to enforce the right of citizens of the United States to vote in all the states.

14. Of all proceedings by the writ of quo warranto prosecuted by any district attorney for the removal from office of any person holding office, except as a member of Congress or of a state legislature, contrary to the provisions of the third section of the 14th Article of Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.

15. Of all suits by or against any association established under any law providing for national banking associations within the district for which the court is held.

16. Of all suits brought by any alien for a tort "only" in violation of the law of nations or of a treaty of the United States.

17. Of all suits against consuls or vice-consuls, except for offences above the description aforesaid.

18. The district courts are constituted courts of bankruptcy, and have in their respective districts original jurisdiction in all matters and proceedings in bankruptcy. (The Bankrupt Act of 1867 was repealed in 1879, and there has since then been no national bankrupt law.)

But no person shall be arrested in one district for trial in another in any civil action before a circuit or district court; nor has any circuit or district court cognisance of any suit founded on contract in favour of an assignee, unless a suit might be prosecuted in such court to recover thereon if no assignment had been made, except in cases of promissory notes negotiable by the law merchant and bills of exchange.

Proceedings on seizures for forfeiture of any vessel or cargo entering any port of entry which has been closed by the President in pursuance of law, or of goods and chattels coming from a state or section declared by proclamation of the President to be in insurrection into other parts of the United States, or of any vessel or vehicle conveying such property, or conveying persons to or from such state or section, or of any vessel belonging in whole or in part to any inhabitant of such state or section, may be prosecuted in any district court into which the property so seized may be taken and proceedings instituted; and the district court thereof has as full juris

diction over such proceedings as if the seizure was made in that district.

The trial of issues of fact in the district courts in all causes, except causes in equity, and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and except as otherwise provided in bankruptcy, is by jury. In causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction relating to any matter of contract or tort arising upon or concerning any vessel of twenty tons burden or upward, enrolled and licensed for the coasting trade, and at the time employed in the business of commerce and navigation between places in different states and territories upon the lakes and navigable waters connecting the lakes, the trial of issues of fact are by jury when either party requires it.

When any territory is admitted as a state, and a district court is established therein, all the records of the proceedings in the several cases pending in the court of appeals of said territory at the time of such admission, and all records of the proceedings in the several cases in which judgments or decrees had been rendered in territorial courts before that time, and from which writs of error had been sued out or appeals taken and prosecuted to the Supreme Court, are transferred to and deposited in the district court of the state. The district judge demands and compels delivery of such records, and the district court takes cognisance of all cases which were pending and undetermined in the superior court of the territory from the judgments or decrees rendered in which writs of error could have been sued out or appeals taken to the Supreme Court, and proceeds to hear and determine them. Any district judge may appoint commissioners before whom appraisers of vessels or goods and merchandise seized for breaches of any law of the United States may be sworn; and

such oaths so taken are as effectual as if taken before the judge in open court. The district courts for the western district of Arkansas, the eastern district of Arkansas at Helena, the northern district of Mississippi, the western district of South Carolina, and the district of West Virginia, have, in addition to the ordinary jurisdiction of district courts, jurisdiction of all causes except appeals and writs of error, which are cognisable in a circuit court, and proceed therein in the same manner as a circuit court.

The regular terms of the district courts are held at the times and places fixed by statute; but when any of the dates fall on Sunday, the term commences on the following day.

The district courts as courts of admiralty, and as courts of equity, so far as equity jurisdiction has been conferred upon them, are deemed always open for the purpose of filing any pleading, of issuing and returning mesne and final process, and of making and directing all interlocutory motions, orders, rules, and other proceedings preparatory to the hearing upon their merits of all causes pending therein. Any district judge may, upon reasonable notice to the parties, make and direct and award at chambers, or in the clerk's office, and in vacation as well as in term, all such process, commissions, orders, rules, and other proceedings, whenever the same are not grantable of course, according to the rules and practice of the court. District courts hold monthly adjournments of their regular terms for the trial of criminal causes, when their business requires it to be done, in order to prevent undue expenses and delays in such cases. The circuit court for each judicial district has jurisdiction of writs of error in all criminal cases tried before the district court where

the sentence is imprisonment, or fine and imprisonment, or where, if a fine only, the fine exceeds the sum of $300; and in such case a respondent feeling himself aggrieved by a decision of a district court may except to the opinion of the court, and tender his bill of exceptions, which is settled and allowed according to the truth and signed by the judge, and is a part of the record of the case. A special term of any district court may be held at the same place where any regular term is held, or at such other place in the district as the nature of the business may require, and at such time and upon such notice as may be ordered by the district judge.

And

any business may be transacted at such special term which might be transacted at a regular term. If the judge of any district court is unable to attend at the commencement of any regular, adjourned, or special term, the court may be adjourned by the marshal, by virtue of a written order directed to him by the judge, to the next regular term or to any other day, as the order may direct.

Where satisfactory evidence is shown to the circuit judge of any circuit, or in his absence to the circuit justice allotted to the circuit, that the judge of any district therein is disabled to hold a district court and to perform the duties of his office, and an application accordingly is made in writing to such circuit judge or justice by the district attorney or marshal of the district, the judge or justice, as the case may be, may issue his order in the nature of a certiorari, directed to the clerk of such district court, requiring him forthwith to certify into the next circuit court to be held in said district all suits and processes, civil and criminal, depending in the district court and undetermined, with all the proceedings thereon, and all the files and papers relating thereto. This or

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