The economics of climate changeStationery Office, 2006 M10 30 - 579 pages This review of the economic effects of climate change was carried out by Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the Government Economic Service and former World Bank Chief Economist.The first half focuses on the impacts and risks arising from uncontrolled climate change, and on the costs and opportunities associated with action to tackle it. It finds that unabated climate change risks raising average temperatures by over 5êC from pre-industrial levels, which would transform the physical geography of our planet. Adding up the costs of a narrow range of the effects the Review calculates an equivalent to at least 5 per cent of GDP each year.Considering more recent scientific evidence (for example, of the risks that greenhouse gases will be released naturally as the permafrost melts), the economic effects on human life and the environment, and approaches to modelling that ensure the impacts that affect poor people are weighted appropriately, it estimates that dangers could be equivalent to 20 per cent of GDP or more. In contrast, the costs of action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the worst impacts of climate change can be limited to around one per cent of global GDP each year. The second half of the Review examines the national and international policy challenges of moving to a low-carbon global economy. Measures include: carbon pricing; technological shift; and a strong international framework for emissions trading, technology co-operation and action to reduce de-forestation. |
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Page 490
... investment that takes place in the next 10-20 years could lock in very high emissions for the next half - century , or present an opportunity to move the world onto a more sustainable path . Investment in energy efficiency can reduce ...
... investment that takes place in the next 10-20 years could lock in very high emissions for the next half - century , or present an opportunity to move the world onto a more sustainable path . Investment in energy efficiency can reduce ...
Page 491
... investment decisions fast - growing emerging economies . There are significant requirements for investment in the energy sector , and finding resources to finance the incremental costs of investment in low - carbon technologies will be ...
... investment decisions fast - growing emerging economies . There are significant requirements for investment in the energy sector , and finding resources to finance the incremental costs of investment in low - carbon technologies will be ...
Page 492
... investment will come largely from national investment and from the private sector , and will depend to a large extent on the policy frameworks in place in the countries themselves . There are financial , political and institutional ...
... investment will come largely from national investment and from the private sector , and will depend to a large extent on the policy frameworks in place in the countries themselves . There are financial , political and institutional ...
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action adaptation agriculture allocation analysis approach areas Assessment atmosphere average benefits billion carbon dioxide carbon price Chapter climate change climate change policy climate sensitivity co-operation CO2 emissions CO2e consumption cost of carbon cost of climate crop damage deforestation deployment developing countries discussed Economics of Climate effects emissions reductions emissions trading energy efficiency environment environmental estimates example finance flood forest fossil fuels framework funding future GHG emissions global goal governments greenhouse gases growth GtCO2 Hadley Centre higher impacts of climate important incentives income increase industry infrastructure innovation International Energy Agency investment IPCC Kyoto Protocol long-term low-carbon technologies mitigation OECD potential production programmes projects range reduce emissions regions response rise risk role scale scenarios sea level rise social cost stabilisation level Stern Review studies temperatures uncertainty vulnerable warming World Bank