mediaeval negation of movement had finally to bow before the "Eppur si move, "so the present exaggeration of movement and its forcible withdrawal from the sway of all law will have to bow before the inviolable laws of the universal rhythm of things, which excludes all arbitrariness and all disordered creation.-Achille Loria, Revue internationale de sociologie, December, 1912. P. W.

Chinas Erwachen.-Closer observation of the Chinese reveals the error of the current belief that they have recognized the absolute superiority of the occidental or of "Christian" culture. They are even today in no way disposed to admit this, least of all those who are most concerned in the welfare of their people. On the contrary, they wish to remain, first and last, Chinese, and to protect as completely as possible the essential character of their own culture from European influence. They freely admit that occidental civilization is at present superior to theirs in material means the means of war, of transportation, of production. But they deny any moral superiority. Their conviction as to the higher humaneness of their own mores has only been accentuated through contact with occidentals. The innermost nature of our modern civilization is aggressive, that of the Chinese passive, quietistic. As we foresee a "yellow peril," so they are confronted by a "white peril."-Dr. Georg Wegener, Zeitschrift für Politik, VI. Bd., 4. Heft. P. W.

Valuation as a Social Process.-We may distinguish two types of values: human-nature values, which spring quite directly from universal conditions, and institutional values in which the influence of relatively transient social conditions is greater, e.g., valuation of salt and valuation of poetry, of loyalty, and of church attendThere is no sharply dividing line and the two may conflict. Each has its public and its private aspect. The public aspect includes all the persons and objects which enter into the calculation. The private aspect is simply the way in which the individual works up the material that he gets from the outside.-Charles H. Cooley, Psychological Bulletin, December, 1912. S. A. Q.

ance.

La conscience collective et le bien obligatoire. The knowledge of good and evil is obtained from a study of the widest possible range of human experience. In other words, it is a collective rather than an individual conscience upon which we must depend, for it voices the wisdom of all ages and conditions of life. This collective conscience teaches us that the fundamental obligation is to submit the individual will to the general will, which has developed through the centuries, and which manifests itself today in the élite of humanity.—Arthur Bauer, Revue philosophique, June, 1912. S. A. Q.

Studien über den industriellen Arbeiterwechsel.-Studies of certain Prussian plants in five selected industries, involving on the average 175,000 men, reveal the following factors as operative in bringing about change of work: nature of the industry, chemical versus textile; local conditions, transportation facilities, housing; depression or increased activity; time of year, especially summer; seasonal nature of some trades; age and marital condition of workers; sex; skill; willingness to change; age and size of the business; care for personal health.-Friedrich Syrup-Gleiwitz, Archiv für exakte Wirtschaftsforschung, No. 2, 1912. S. A. Q.

La mission essentielle du droit international.-The International Postal Union and the other conventions of Berne are international organizations for special purposes. But in the Hague Peace Conferences and in the proposed Court of Arbitration lies the possibility of a single world union of states to handle all international matters. They have already taken up rules of warfare, and are now beginning to consider difficulties arising in time of peace not only between nations but also between citizens of one country and foreign powers. In addition to the organization of this jurisdiction a positive law is being formed and is already partially codified. From this the activity of the union is bound to extend to matters of international administration.-W. Schücking, La vie internationale, No. 8, 1912. S. A. Q.

Syndicalisme et internationalisme.-Labor organizations which have been for the defense of the rights of the workers have been of a political character-socialism

or of an economic character-syndicalism. This paper deals primarily with the latter. In form of organization, syndicalism progresses from the local syndicate, composed of workers of allied professions within a restricted locality, up to the National Federation of those local societies. General authority over the Federation is vested in a National Center of Federations of Syndicates, and these in turn unite in the International Secretariat of National Centers. In 1911 twenty-three countries were organized with National Centers, eighteen of which were affiliated with the International Secretariat. These national organizations represent a total of 7,655,961 members, an increase of 5,322,700 in seven years. In number of members Germany ranks first, having almost a third of the total, and the United States is second. The international organization attempts to centralize and unify the whole movement by drawing up international codes of syndicalists, making recommendations, and acting as counsel or intermediary when necessary. French syndicalists are partisans of direct action, the general strike and sabotage.-Albert Marinus, La vie internationale, No. 4, 1912. E. E. E.

Race Development by Industrial Means, among the Moros and Pagans of the Southern Philippines.-A great part of the population of the Philippines is made up of wild and warlike tribes of pagans and Mohammedans, who inhabit principally the large island of lindanao. They are entirely under a military government which is executed under American administration with fairness and wisdom. The government is attempting by means of improved methods of agriculture, new transportation facilities, and a multitude of other industrial devices to bring about among them a new economic condition. The chief instrument for their improvement is found in the system of exchanges, or trading stores, which are now established at prominent centers throughout their territory. These are under government supervision, and afford not only an opportunity for the wild people to buy things dear to them, but also market facilities for the exchange of articles of native production. The exchange is neutral ground where the bitterest enemies meet and traffic in perfect safety and harmony and gradually come to forget old scores. result of this system commercial enterprise is stimulated, good roads movements are having a practical realization, and piracy, clan feuds, and barbarism are giving way. The wild men are themselves sensible and appreciative of the improved conditions, and are coming to consider the American government in the light of a genuine benefactor.J. P. Finley, Journal of Race Development, January, 1913. E. E. E.

As a

La vie internationale et l'effort pour son organization. With the development of relations between the nations of the world civilization is becoming more and more an international matter, and the international phases of our activities are demanding more and more of our attention. With the widening of methods of intercommunication nations are less isolated and less able to live unto themselves alone. The world at large would be greatly benefited by an organization and unification of its manifold interests. New and higher ideals would be created, the acquiring and dissemination of knowledge would be facilitated, mutual understandings between nations would be increased, and a day of international peace would be hastened if the interest of civilization were considered by all men in their world-aspect. The International Organization is a system intended to co-ordinate and harmonize all the circumstances which have to do with international life. It is not for the mere purpose of acquiring information relative to the many fields of human activity, but is primarily an organization for effective action toward the ends indicated.-H. La Fontaine and P. Otlet, La vie internationale, No. 1, 1912. E. E. E.

Social Denmark.-The Danish people are endowed with peculiar faculty for spontaneous co-operation and self-disciplined organization. The co-operative plan has been thoroughly tested in the rural communities, and proven successful in the dairy, slaughterhouse and egg industries. Trade unionism in the towns, as well as employers' associations, have been developed and are proving efficient. They have broadened their scope of activity so as to become recognized by the state as sick clubs, aid societies, etc. Insurance against unemployment has been encouraged and aided by the states, there being fifty-one organizations of this kind. Labor exchanges

have been created as corollary to these insurance societies. The state has amply provided for industrial accidents, poor and helpless, old age, invalidity, protection of children where parents have become unable to provide or protect.-P. Schou, Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1912. R. E. S.

Divorce Law and Its Reform.-The differences between the majority and the minority reports of the Royal Commission of Divorce have been considered sufficient to render the whole work nugatory. But as a matter of fact there is a very great amount of agreement in the two reports, and the matter should not be dropped.H. Gorell Barnes, Contemporary Review, January, 1913. R. E. S.

Comparative Measurements of the Changing Cost of Living.-Two series of index numbers—one for food, another for "other than food"—for American and international prices, show a decline in prices from 1860 to 1896, and a prolonged advance from 1896 to 1912. Cheaper transportation was responsible for part of the decline, and cessation of railroad building on a large scale, coupled with increasing consumption, resulted in the rise following 1896. The extensive use of farm machinery has lowered the cost of production but resulted in an exodus from the agricultural occupations which tended to produce a rise of prices. The increased production of gold has greatly increased the instability of the price level, and so made necessary an optional multiple standard.-J. P. Norton, Science, January 31, 1913. R. E. S.

Women's Wages in Chicago.-It is important to ascertain whether available data on women's wages in Chicago might be used to show the necessity of a minimum wage law. Eight retail stores, seventy men's clothing establishments, eleven paper box factories, eight candy factories, one corset factory, and seven packing-houses were chosen, employing over 30,000 women and girls. It was discovered that the majority of these persons are being paid less than $7 a week, while thousands are being paid less than $5 a week. The cost of living is greater than the average girl can afford. These girls do not go wrong.' Their energy and health are dissipated and they are sent to convalescent homes or to tuberculosis sanitaria.-Edith Abbott, Journal of Political Economy, February, 1913. R. E. S.

Agricultural Credit in the United States. The United States is behind every other important country in the development of short-time non-mortgage credit for farmers. Existing banking facilities for agricultural credit are poor, and the demand for such loans is practically nil. The chief reasons for this backwardness in agricultural credit are: (1) the vast agricultural domain easily acquired by settlement, (2) the prevailing prosperity of American farmers, (3) nomadic character of a large part of the agricultural population, (4) rapid growth of commercial and manufacturing business, (5) obstacles which inhibit a farmer's credit demand. This credit demand is being increased by: (1) increased value of land, (2) increased use of agricultural machinery, (3) more extensive fertilization of soil, (4) greater amount of intensive agriculture. The following proposed solutions are worthy of consideration: (1) the establishment of government agricultural banks, (2) governmental guaranty of such a bank established with private capital, (3) encouragement of farmers in organizing co-operative credit societies, (4) more effective utilization of our present banking facilities in the interest of the farmer.-E. W. Kemmerer, American Economic Review, December, 1912. R. E. S.

The Importance of Venereal Disease.—It is estimated that fully one-eighth of all human diseases and suffering comes from gonorrhea and syphilis; that 810 of every 1,000 married men in New York have, or have had, gonorrhea, and a great majority of the wives of these men have been infected; that there are 200,000 syphilitics in New York City; that 80 per cent of ophthalmia in babies, and 20 to 25 per cent of all blindness is caused by gonococcus infection; that 60 to 80 per cent of all infected children die before being born or come into the world with the mark of death upon them; that 80 per cent of the women who die from diseases of the reproductive organs are killed by gonorrhea. In 1911, 12 per cent of the United States navy force were infected by venereal diseases. In the army, in 1910, the venereal ration was 13 per cent. Millions of dollars are spent yearly in this country for the care of venereal

patients and almost nothing spent in prevention.-John H. Cunningham, Jr., Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, January 16, 1913. R. H.

On the Education of the Public in Relation to the Prevention of Tuberculosis. The attention of the public should be called to the causes of tuberculosis, to the methods by which the contagion gains access to the body, and the conditions which lead to its becoming inoperative and powerless for harm. The two most obvious sources are expectoration and infected milk. The disease gains access to the body through the air passages, the digestive tract, or, rarely, the skin, or, in exceptional cases, directly from parent to offspring before birth. The powers of the individual should be strengthened to resist contagion. The deadliest enemies of the disease are sunlight, fresh air, cleanliness, etc. An old patient is the best missioner. The plan of education should include traveling exhibitions and caravans, with popular lectures well illustrated, and the distribution of literature.-Theodore Dyke Acland, The Practitioner, January, 1913. R. F. C.

Unemployment and the Public Health.-Unemployment is a serious economic loss, and a menace to health; it also aggravates the problem of overcrowding, and often produces lack of stamina and moral indifference and undermines self-respect. Remedies should include preventive measures to reduce the risk due to physical defects, care committees in the schools, compulsory daily attendance at continuation classes of all unemployed lads under nineteen, the performance of the maximum amount of public work in slack seasons, the reduction of the number of casual laborers, employment in afforestation projects, and rural gardens for workingmen. Physical handicaps play an important part in the inability to secure work, but by no means always render the persons incapable of all work.-B. Seebohm Rowntree, Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute, February, 1913. R. F. C.

Sex-Instruction in School.-In a Cincinnati school located in a slum district a course of sex-instruction was given to both boys and girls of the two upper classes by the writer and Dr. Nora Crotty. As a result the atmosphere of the schoolroom became altogether different. The children became more cleanly and developed self-respect and respect for others. New confidential relations with the teachers were developed. The children carried the influence with them, too, outside the schoolroom, into their homes and among their playmates. The wholesome influence of the instruction continued after their school days were over in a surprisingly large number of cases. Proper self-instruction in the home is desirable, but until this goal is reached careful instruction should be given in the schools. The prepared lectures might well be given first before the parents, giving them an opportunity to suggest changes.—Philip Zenner, Journal American Medical Association, February 1, 1913. R. F. C.

Health Departments and Housing.-Every city or town of sufficient size to have organized health control is already infected with the deadly virus of the slum. The prevention and cure of bad housing conditions must proceed along three lines: (1) New dwellings and tenements must be constructed so as to afford suitable living accommodation. (2) Every old house unfit for habitation must be demolished or made fit. (3) All habitations must be maintained in good repair and sanitary condition. The same standards should be set for living rooms in all classes of buildings. A trained inspection force is needed acting upon its own initiative as well as upon complaints. An individual record system for each home should be maintained through periodical house-to-house inspection. The privy vault and outside toilet should be abolished. Bulletins should be published regularly to develop an informed, alert, and exacting public opinion. Health officers should be given larger appropriations and larger authority to enforce laws.—Charles B. Ball, American Journal of Public Health, January, 1913. R. F. C.

The Abolition of the Russian "Mir."-In 1906 the attitude of the Russian government was suddenly changed in regard to its system of communal land tenure. Previously the "Mir" was considered as the historic cornerstone of the whole political and economic fabric. There had been a steadily growing exodus from the commune; there were great waves of peasant revolt in 1904-5; the peasants needed to have

more acres to enable them to live on the land with their families, therefore it was decided that the system of communal land tenure must go. The promulgation of the edict was carried on by Prime Minister M. Stolypin. It was accepted by the Duma in 1910 and became a proper law. This meant that richer peasants were to be protected and become individual landowners. It meant also that the poorer element of the commune must be cared for. By a careful administrative plan a vast emigration into Siberia was organized for this element. Thus it might seem that the whole system was broken. An analysis of the facts points to a different conclusion. (1) Statistics show a great decrease of emigrants to Siberia, and in 1911, 50 per cent of those who went returned to Russia. (2) To June 1, 1911, only 23 per cent of communal householders had expressed their desire of leaving the commune. Of these only 16 per cent have adopted as personal property the land they own in the commune. (3) In order to guarantee any economic independence to the peasant, a redistribution of the land is necessary, so that he may have his plots of land in one block in one place. To January 1, 1911, only 8 per cent of all communal householders had applied for such redistribution and only 2.6 per cent had actually received their land in one block. (4) In many cases the peasants who had left the "Mir" desired to return. This created a complication, as in some cases they were received, but in others they were not.-Boris Lebedeff, Contemporary Review, January, 1913.

J. H. K.

Die neuere volkswirtschaftliche Gesetzgebung Schwedens.—(1) Financial legislation: An income tax law and a property tax law were both established in 1910. Both are progressive, the income beginning with 800 Kr. and the property with 6,000 Kr. Certain allowances for necessary expenditures, for children and for sickness are deducted from incomes which are to be taxed. In 1910 a progressive inheritance tax was also instituted with a four-class provision. The liquor industry is controlled by allowing only 5 per cent to go to the individual stockholders, the rest flowing into a general taxable fund. (2) Commercial legislation: In general the legislation is for the purpose of controlling stock companies. The policy is to require the directors to place their own shares in the general fund which is taxable. No banking association may have property other than that necessary for banking purposes. Monthly statements by government experts must be issued. (3) Agricultural legislation: A provision of 1907 states that a farm shall not be rented for less than five or more than fifty years. No land companies are allowed to own land fit for agricultural purposes. The government provides for experiment stations. (4) Social legislation: No corporation can be formed with less than five members; each member has one vote. A new law provides for government supervision of societies which care for the sick and for burials. The country is divided into seven districts for the purpose of controlling the labor situation. In each district a government official is stationed with power to regulate all differences between employers and employees. The hours of employment for women must be such as to assure eleven continuous hours of rest. This rest period must include the hours from 10 P.M. to 5 A.M.-Von Sven Helander, Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, October, 1912. J. H. K.

The Movement of Rural Population in Illinois.-Within the last decade the population of the state of Illinois has increased 16.9 per cent. During the same period the urban population has increased 30.4 per cent, while the rural population has increased only 0.3 per cent. Separating the latter into its two component parts, it is found that the village population has increased 11.1 per cent and that the farm population has decreased over 7 per cent. There has been an improved and an increased farm acreage but the number of farms has decreased 5 per cent. The number of families rather than the size of the families has experienced the greater decrease. The chief explanation for this decrease is the introduction of more machinery and the substitution of horse-power, gasoline, or electricity for man-power. The improvement of machinery and transportation has made the small village less necessary to the farmer. Except in cases of crop movements he usually patronizes the larger centers. There is strong evidence that many of these smaller villages will soon be abandoned.-H. E. Hoagland, Journal of Political Economy, November, 1912. J. H. K.

The Modern Newspaper.-The influence of the newspaper is greater and more far-reaching than any other agency of our civilization. It has possibilities for good