as acting without motives. And it seems indubitable that the act which a free man performs by his will is necessarily in the direction and path of the strongest motive for him, that is, that his will is oriented in this direction and path, or rather in the direction and path of the resultant of all the motives, each one of which will have the intensity which the character of the man himself gives to it. For me the liberty of indifference of which some talk is inconceivable, because an individual cannot help wishing what he wishes.

All this is in strong contrast with a large amount of the current loose, superficial treatment of sociological principles, and comes to us like a breath of ozone.

LESTER F. WARD

Economic Beginnings of the Far West. By KATHERINE COMAN. New York: Macmillan, 1912. 2 vols. Pp. xxviii+868. $4.00 net.

In these volumes Professor Coman has put in convenient form for use by the public and in college classes a great mass of material hitherto inaccessible to the average reader. She has gathered her facts from the journals of explorers and fur-traders, the diaries of missionaries and pioneer settlers, the archives of the early Spanish and Mormon settlements, as well as from many recent monographic studies of special phases of western history. She has undertaken the difficult task of presenting a condensed summary of the first steps in the occupation by European people of over half of the territory of the United States. The difficulties of finding a satisfactory plan of organization for so vast, complex, and slightly related a mass of facts are almost insurmountable. The first volume tells of the exploration and transient occupation of the territory by the Spaniards and fur-traders, while the second is devoted to the discussion of the advance of the settlers who ultimately gained control by virtue of their sounder economic policy and superior domestic and political institutions.

Those disposed to emphasize the economic interpretation of history can find ample explanation for the failure of the Spanish to hold the territory to which they obtained the right by priority in discovery, exploration, and founding of settlements. The three centuries of occupation of New Mexico furnish striking evidence of the follies of Spanish policy and of their racial incapacity for colonization. The disastrous record of their failures is presented largely by means of wellselected extracts from the reports of early explorers and traders. The Pueblo Indians, who were evidently the most economically efficient of

the American aborigines, were subjected to the most heartless abuse and exploitation, resulting in years of bitter enmity and destructive warfare. The limitations placed upon commerce, the absence of a suitable medium of exchange, neglect of manufacturing or of improved means of agriculture, combined with a lack of thrift or industry in the settlers, and an exceedingly corrupt and inefficient system of government, all contributed their shares to the long record of wretchedness and failure preceding the occupation by settlers from the United States.

Professor Coman finds the colonial history of California much more creditable than that of the other Spanish colonies. She declares (Vol. I, p. 142): "The colonization of California was undertaken by men of marked ability and devotion. No English colony had more far-sighted and disinterested service than was rendered by Galvez, Bucareli, de Neve, Borica, Portóla, Costanzó, and Anza; but the prime essential in colonial development, settlers of resolution and resources, was lacking, and thus all the heavy expenditure in money and in human energy came to little."

In the volume dealing with the advance of the permanent settlers of the West, the chapter telling of "The Mormon Invasion" is one of the most striking and original. The Mormons are declared to have furnished "the most successful example of regulated immigration in United States history" (p. 184). Their remarkable economic prosperity achieved in an unfavorable environment was due largely to the superior type of settlers gathered from England, Wales, Scotland, and Scandinavia by Mormon missionaries. Care was taken to enlist skilled artisans who were instructed to bring their tools and plans for the machinery needed to start the industries that soon rendered their isolated mountain settlement independent. The shrewd management of Brigham Young and the intelligent co-operation and industry of his followers were also unfailing resources of what was undoubtedly the most economically efficient of the early western settlements.

A large amount of painstaking research has been condensed into an admirable brief history of the conquest and early economic development of California. No previous writer has produced so comprehensive and well-organized a summary of the striking economic situations that characterize the history of this most richly endowed of the American commonwealths. The author condenses into a little over a hundred pages the salient features of the gold period, the complex problems of land tenure, the stages in agricultural development, the establishment of manufactures, and the struggles with the vexatious labor problems of the Pacific coast.

These volumes will be particularly valuable for the smaller libraries of the West whose funds will not permit the purchase of the many expensive sets giving the sources necessary to an understanding of the economic development of the West. Historians will welcome the extensive and well-selected bibliography. Students of sociology will find them useful for obtaining a general background to more intensive investigations. The vast territory covered has made impossible the furnishing of those subtler details that must be discovered and presented before we can help the people of the West to become conscious of what is most characteristic and worthy of emphasis in the civilization they are founding in the territory conquered from the wilderness.

LUCILE EAVES

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA

Lead Poisoning and Lead Absorption. The Symptoms, Pathology and Prevention, with Special Reference to Their Industrial Origin and an Account of the Principal Processes Involving Risk. BY THOMAS M. LEGGE, M. D. OXON., D.P.H. CANTAB., and KENNETH W. GOADBY, M.R.C.S., D.P.H. CANTAB. London: Edward Arnold; New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. Pp. xi+308. $3.50 net.

This is one in a series of "International Medical Monographs" prepared under the general editorship of Leonard Hill and William Bulloch. The authors of the book speak from practical experience, the one as medical inspector of factories, the other as surgeon to certain smelting and white lead factories in East London. The work is highly technical and will prove of little value to the general reader. Technical, chemical, and medical terminology is employed throughout the book. The monograph should, however, be of great value to physicians and manufacturers who have to do with the many processes in which lead is used; it will, moreover, be of material assistance to legislature committees and investigators of industrial diseases.

Each chapter is accompanied by a bibliography, and a number of plates, figures, and tables are given. The chapters that are of special interest from the point of view of social technology are: iii, "Susceptibility and Immunity"; iv, "Statistics of Plumbism"; xii, xiii, xiv, "Preventive Measures against Lead Poisoning"; and xv, xvi, xvii, "Description of Processes." These last chapters include also the application, in the various processes, of the conclusions reached with regard to prevention and treatment. The authors are convinced, and

they describe the careful experiments which confirmed the conviction, that the most frequent and most dangerous cause of lead poisoning is the inhalation of dust, and therefore, though they readily recognize other precautions and constant watchfulness and care as necessary, they place the greatest emphasis, in their discussion of preventive measures, on the removal of dust and fumes by means of exhaust ventilation, fans and hoods, or vacuum cleaners. ROBERT FRY CLARK

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

The Wanderings of Peoples. By A. C. HADDON, SC.D., F.R.S., University Reader in Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911. I vol. Pp. vii+124, with five maps. This is the first book of its kind, and I know of no one person equipped critically to review it as a whole. It is an excellent pioneer volume, and is especially valuable because of its maps.

Chap. i is an "Introduction." It occupies 11 pages, and is a simple statement of well-known conditions of migration. A bibliography of three authors (to which page references are given in the text) concludes the chapter.

Chap. ii is entitled "Asia and Oceania." It occupies 26 pages and is followed by a bibliography of twenty authors. This seems to be the least complete chapter of the book. Its incompleteness is especially noticeable in Oceania-inasmuch as part of this area, viz., Papua, is one concerning which Dr. Haddon is distinctively equipped to present new, authentic, and first-hand knowledge. So I infer that the incompleteness of data of Oceanic migrations is due to lack of space, and not to negligence or lack of knowledge. The map of Asia presents the migration routes of thirty-five peoples.

Chap. iii, dealing with "Europe," contains 13 pages, and has a bibliography of nine volumes. Europe is the area about which, of course, most is known, and about the movement of those peoples Dr. Haddon takes his readers' knowledge most for granted; however, he has packed these few pages full. I cannot help but see in this book, especially in this chapter on Europe, the direct effect of oriental travel in out-of-the-way places where one soon learns to pack the maximum number of utilities compactly and of such bulk, form, and weight that they are suitable for the burden of one man's back. Would that many more ethnologists had had similar “hiking" experiences, and had become equally apt in applying the law of the hiker to the writing of books. The migrations of nineteen peoples are presented on the map of Europe.

Chap. iv deals with "Africa"; it has 22 pages and a bibliography of twenty-two authors. This chapter well illustrates Dr. Haddon's method in preparing the book. Inasmuch as there is relatively little data published on the migrations of peoples, Dr. Haddon epitomizes the published opinions of whatever author is available to him, and presents said opinion with due credit to author, volume, and page; he is eminently fair to the author whom he uses. He seldom criticizes, seldom presents antagonistic opinions, and seldom presents his own opinions of migrations. The map of Africa shows the migration routes of thirty-one peoples.

Chap. v is entitled "America," and in spite of the fact that it has only 7 pages and is without separate bibliography, yet in method of treatment it is the most critical of the chapters in the book. Dr. Haddon presents as follows one of his own opinions: "There are indications of a palaeo-ethnic and a neo-ethnic period in the New World as well as in the Old; the interval dividing them may correspond to that dividing preor inter-glacial from post-glacial times. It seems likely that certain peoples of low stature, occurring here and there in America, represent the first palaeo-ethnic inhabitants of America" (p. 77). The chapter is really an introduction to the two following chapters.

Chap. vi, "North America," has 17 pages, and a bibliography of twenty-two authors. The reviewer is certain that known facts show more northward migration of the American Indians east of the Rocky Mountains than Dr. Haddon presents.

Chap. vii, entitled "Mexico and Central America," has 6 pages and a bibliography of five authors. This short chapter is a valuable discussion of the Aztec problem. The map of North America, which illuminates chap. vii as well as chap. vi, presents the migrations of twenty-three peoples-extending from the Arctic coasts (even from Asia) to Panama. It does not allow place for prehistoric European migration to America; this should have been, not only from probable facts, but from opinions the author published.

Chap. viii, entitled "South America," is the last. It has 13 pages and a bibliography of ten authors. The map of South America presents the migration of ten peoples.

An index to authors, peoples, and subjects follows the text of the book. Since Dr. Haddon's book has only 108 pages of actual text and is an epitome of seventy-two authors, it is evident that so short a review can scarcely epitomize the chapters except by actually quoting them. So I present this review as an appreciation, and am happy to do so.

ALBERT ERNEST JENKS

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA