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When Charles Darwin, in his great work on Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication, published in 1868, taught the whole world the marvelous efficiency of artificial selection, it was no wonder that the idea of applying it to the human race should have occurred to many. His talented cousin, Francis Galton, was the first publicly to suggest such an application. He had used the word "stirp" for the primary bearers of heredity, and he perceived that in the improvement of cereals and fruit trees, and the breeding of domestic animals, man had been engaged practically in the culture of hereditary stirps. STIRPICULTURE In an article on "Hereditary Improvement," published in Fraser's Magazine for January, 1873, he had used the word "viriculture" (p. 119) for what he now renamed "stirpiculture," and A lecture delivered before the Federation for Child Study in New York, on January 30, 1913. In a paper entitled, "A Theory of Heredity," read before the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, November 9, 1875, and published earliest in the Contemporary Review for December, 1875, where the word is used and explained on p. 81, and soon after in the Journal of the Institute, V, No. 3 (January, 1876), where the same passage occurs on p. 330. A his claim that mankind might be made the beneficiary of this potent principle seemed altogether reasonable. But such a captivating idea could not fail to be seized upon by charlatans and carried to unwarrantable lengths, and very soon the term "stirpiculture" had degenerated and become objectionable to all refined natures. Galton was therefore compelled to abandon it and to adopt another which could not be so easily prostituted to coarse sensual ends, and in 1883 he introduced the word "eugenics" for practically the same idea. This term has been kept fairly within the pale of science, but it has almost set the world on fire, and now seems to engross the attention of all classes. Many see in eugenics the regeneration of mankind. Is there a rational basis for this, or is it only a temporary popular "craze," doomed to collapse after a short period? NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE EUGENICS Dr. C. W. Saleeby has clearly pointed out that eugenics embraces two quite different fields, which he very appropriately calls negative eugenics and positive eugenics, respectively. Negative eugenics relates to the problem of preventing the mental and physical defectives of society from perpetuating their defects through propagation. Positive eugenics relates to the problem of improving the mass of mankind by the selection of the superior in the process of reproduction. It is clear that these are two entirely distinct problems. As the defectives are the wards of society, society has somewhat the same control over them as intelligent men have over the vegetable and animal kingdoms, and there is no good reason why it should not act in the same way with regard to them, and eliminate as completely and as rapidly as possible the worthless elements in the population. Nothing but an inexcusable indifference, due to 1 In his book entitled, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development, London, 1883, p. 44. He here says: "The investigation of human eugenics-that is, of the conditions under which men of a high type are produced-is at present extremely hampered by the want of full family histories, both medical and general, extending over three or four generations." He does not even italicize the word here, and it is evident that in thus incidentally using it he had no idea of the rôle that it was soon destined to play. 2 Sociological Review (London), II (July, 1909), 228. |