education is urgent. A national board of education representing the best educational life of each state in the nation should be organized under the United States commissioner of education and should distribute among the various states an annual appropriation from Congress. The presentation to Congress by the National Child Labor Committee of a plan to establish such a commission is urgent.-S. Lindsay, Child Labor Bulletin, June, 1912. R. E. S. Rural Child Labor.-A special census bulletin of 1907 reported about 1,050,000 rural child laborers, four-fifths of whom were assisting their parents. The apparent evils are (1) physical development impaired, (2) arrested educational development. There are no reliable data on the subject. It offers a problem in scientific investigation and study for some scientific foundation or for the Childrens' Bureau.-John M. Gillette, Child Labor Bulletin, June, 1912. G. T. J. Wages in Massachusetts and New Jersey.-The average wage is socially misleading and merely dehumanizes wage statistics. New Jersey and Massachusetts have adopted an effective method whereby age, sex, industry, exact wage and proportion of same are clearly shown. A study of the statistics gathered by these two states shows: (1) the average earnings in the two commonwealths is about $500; (2) this amount is apparently increased in those industries dominated by men and decreased in those dominated by women; (3) larger industries pay less than $600, while the small industries pay more than $600. In both states, wages of adult males have risen more generally than those of adult females. Unemployment is a modifying force in wage statistics. Nine-tenths of the adult males earn less than $800 per year. Ninetenths of the adult females earn less than $500 per year.-Scott Nearing, American Statistical Association, June, 1912. R. E. S. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, W. H. Modern Philanthropy. 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