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express his individuality by engaging in activity which is in line with his own impulses, and doing so in his own way, his every act is prescribed for him and must be performed under supervision. He then finds an outlet for his energy in perversions. This evil is increased by the segregation of youth of the same sex and by cutting them off from the live interests of the outside world. The remedy by which the masters attempt vainly to combat the evils which are tacitly acknowledged to exist, consists in the encouragement of athletics, in a rigid program of supervised work, and in religion. None of these are successful. The author rather advocates giving the adolescent freedom to guide his own conduct trusting to his reason to guide him, instructing him in the facts of sex, training him in civic duties, and educating both sexes together. This is the gist of the argument. It is trenchant and in the main convincing. The book is controversial in tone throughout, but will appeal to the American educator as sound in its general trend.

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

FRANK N. FREEMAN

Spiritual Culture and Social Service. By CHARLES S. MACFARLAND, Secretary of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. New York: Revell, 1912. Pp. 222. $1.00.

In the first section, "The Pattern in the Mount," the author's purpose as stated in the foreword is "simply to portray the Master as the living historic example for human life and service and of the noble spirit in which that service should be rendered."

The second section, comprising chaps. ii-vii, is entitled, "Social Redemption." In this his point of view seems to be as follows: "We can have no kingdom of heaven on earth until our economic programs are fashioned in the light of spiritual ideals and with spiritual ends in view."

In the third section, "The culture of self," chaps. viii-xvi, the author's claim is for spiritual culture before a man can truly serve society; quoting himself from a former work he declares: "The sole hope of the world is to make men disciples of Jesus." The book is sermonic in style and seems to place more emphasis upon spiritual culture than social service.

The spirit of the entire work is admirable and should attract wide circle of readers.

DREW THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

MADISON, N.J.

EDWIN L. EARP

Great Educators of Three Centuries. By FRANK PIERREPONT GRAVES, PH.D., Professor of the History of Education in the Ohio State University. New York: Macmillan, 1912. Pp. ix+289. $1.25 net.

Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. By FRANK PIERREPONT GRAVES. New York: Macmillan. Pp. xi+226. $1.25 net.

In these two books Professor Graves continues his studies in the history of education, which he began a few years ago with his volume on A History of Education before the Middle Ages. The first volume mentioned above is a series of sketches of great educators from Milton to Herbert Spencer. The studies are extremely important as bearing on the culture history of the period covered. The second work, on Peter Ramus, is a most suggestive study of a philosopher and educational reformer of the Renaissance, whose significance in the history of thought has often been overlooked. Professor Graves's monograph performs a real service in bringing to notice again the work of this neglected scholar. CHARLES A. ELLWOOD

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

The Control of Trusts. By JOHN BATES CLARK and JOHN MAURICE CLARK. New York: Macmillan, 1912. Pp. xi+202. $1.00 net.

This is a revision and enlargement of an earlier book upon the same subject, by John Bates Clark. Most of the new material, we are informed, is contributed by John Maurice Clark, and serves to bring the discussion down to date, including the recent dissolutions of the Standard Oil and American Tobacco companies. According to the authors:

The purpose of the work is entirely constructive, since it advocates a positive policy for controlling trusts. It aims to show that certain measures having this end in view are in harmony with modern tendencies and are well within the power of the legislator and executive official and that they give promise of insuring what the public needs, namely, protection against abnormal prices, continued increase in production, and improvement in the conditions of labor [p. v].

The book is timely and interesting but disappointingly brief. One cannot refrain from wishing that the authors had gone more fully into such questions as the advantages of large-scale production in recent

years, the methods actually employed by the "trusts" to stifle competition, the extent to which such methods are used, and the results of attempts to enforce the Sherman law. In short, one wishes for the presentation of more facts concerning trust operations upon which to base theories of trust control.

The authors favor the retention of competition, potential or active, wherever possible, as a price-fixing agency, and as a necessary means of promoting progress in methods of production. They propose to preserve competition by preventing all railroad discrimination, the factor's agreement, local price-cutting, etc. To accomplish this, they recommend the abolition of the holding company, greater corporate publicity, the issuing of stocks without par value, patent reform, the limiting of the size of corporations, the enforcement of a uniform price at point of shipment for similar goods of the same company, and the appointment of an "Interstate Trade Commission, or similar body" to whom the enforcement of the law shall be intrusted.

The book is rather popularly written and, in spite of short-comings, should prove serviceable to anyone desiring a brief elementary treatise on the subject.

ELMER A. RILEY

JAMES MILLIKIN UNIVERSITY

Divorce. By EARL RUSSELL. London: William Heinemann, 1912. Pp. x+218.

In this book Earl Russell, the well-known English radical, discusses the present English divorce laws and their reform. The discussion is almost wholly from a legal standpoint. The historical origin of the English law on divorce is traced, the present law is set forth, and the procedure of the English divorce courts is described in detail. Then follow several chapters in criticism of the present law and its administration, with specific proposals for a new divorce code. Little or no use of statistics is made in the book, and what few statistics there are, are for the most part used inaccurately. Earl Russell contents himself with citing specific cases to show the hardship of the present English divorce law.

The whole discussion of the book illustrates forcibly the difficulty of embodying ethical and religious ideals in legislation, in our present stage of social and moral development, without doing serious injustice to somebody. There can be scarcely any doubt that the present English law on divorce deserves much of the criticism which Earl Russell levels

at it. He could doubtless have made his criticism even more effective if he had developed the idea that law can do little to give a nation a pure and stable family life. Earl Russell is concerned, however, chiefly with the happiness and liberty of the individuals rather than with the conservation of a great social institution. Consequently, the law which he proposes would make divorce very free, not only by mutual consent of the parties, but even without mutual consent after separation or desertion lasting for three years. It is perhaps fortunate that the Royal Commission on Divorce, to whom this book is more or less addressed, has not accepted the very lax proposals of Earl Russell, but instead has recommended a divorce law which would be a model, compared with some of the lax laws of our American states, admitting as the grounds for divorce, adultery, desertion for three years, incurable insanity after five years' confinement, and habitual drunkenness found to be incurable after three years. This law would place the sexes on an equality and prohibit the publication of divorce proceedings in the public press. If it is enacted by Parliament, it will certainly remedy most of the injustice which Earl Russell complains of in the present law.

CHARLES A. ELLWOOD

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

Heredity and Society. By WILLIAM DAMPIER WHETHAM and CATHERINE DURNING WHETHAM. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. Pp. viii+190.

This volume consists of a series of essays by the well-known physicist of Trinity College and his wife essays which no reader of their The Family and the Nation will fail to get at once and read through. For Mr. and Mrs. Whetham have already established for themselves an enviable reputation for clear thinking and delightful reading which the present volume will do much to increase.

A few sentences from the preface indicate the point of view from which the book has been written.

Both this book and its predecessor are written avowedly to draw attention to the problem of heredity, a conception which has hardly yet penetrated consciously into modern sociology, where the subject of environment has held hitherto almost limitless sway. We find it necessary continually to point out that improved conditions of life will not by themselves alone secure certain and corresponding improvement in the inborn qualities of the race. Selection also is needed. We have deliberately concentrated our attention chiefly on one side of a very complex and involved problem. But it is not necessary in actual

life to disregard the effects of a better environment in order to realize the importance of the workings of heredity; and to point out that the present trend of modern civilization produces certain dangers, is not to discourage further attempts to improve the surroundings of mankind, whatever may be felt on the subject by impulsive philanthropists or unresting politicians.

At the outset, attention is directed to human variation and the method of inheritance of discontinuous qualities is illustrated by eyecolor. But the authors seem not fully to be cognizant of the new ideas that "man" is not a single kind but consists of a number of elementary species or biotypes, which we fail to recognize because extensive hybridization has so largely confused them, but which are more nearly realized in long-settled countries. Thus Scandinavia shows a nearly pure blue-eyed biotype; southern Italy a brown-eyed biotype; among the Nigritians we find a woolly-haired biotype; among the Negrilloes a dwarf biotype, and so on. There are biotypes in America with mechanical ability, others with artistic, or musical or literary, or mathematical or military ability. This recognition of biotypes simplifies the whole subject of heredity. The authors have at hand the facts on which the theory of the biotype is based. They show the existence of blood lines with special ability and they recognize that the cases of sporadic ability are to be explained on the ground of the kind of matings their parents made and the unfortunate marriages that they have themselves made. An eminent man may arise from a fortunate combination of mediocre traits and through a dissociation again of these traits mediocrity will return in the family. One of America's greatest inventors has a son whose mind is quite as "suggestible" as that of his great father but he will probably never attain eminence because of a lack of persistence and self-control in a social way.

In the chapter on natural selection the authors illustrate the danger of increasing the proportion of persons who belong to weak strains by improved methods of rearing them to the reproductive period. In the chapter on "The Biological Influence of Religion" the physical vigor and intellectual keenness of the Jew are ascribed to the extensive elimination that the race has suffered from its enemies. In the Christian religion the great advantage that the Roman Catholic sect enjoys by virtue of its insistence on a high birth-rate over the Protestant sects which do not lay stress on this ideal is indicated. The birth-rate is discussed and, properly enough, the point is made that it is quality rather than quantity merely that counts. The rôle that growing luxury with its distaste for parentage has played in the decline of fecundity is considered. The

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