For this reason, if no other, the importance of legislation to preserve that remaining wilderness-2 percent of our original heritage should be reviewed with favor by your committee and your recommendation for its passage given your fellow Congressmen.

Man in this century has used up more natural resources than he has in all previous history. Land in the public domain belongs to everyone. Wilderness which is a part of this also should be there for those who want it today and for those to come after.

For this reason, members of the TCC place their request to make this possible. For each copy of our statement required by your committee, we attach a full copy of the text by Dr. Bonner. There, even more complete, is found our best argument for the need of the wilderness bill. It will take only a few minutes to read. We ask its inclusion in our statement for the record.

Mrs. PrOST. Thank you.

I understand that one issue of the Western Outdoor Quarterly is for the spring of 1961 and the second is for the fall of 1961.

They will both be placed in the file.

Miss SAWYER. Thank you.

Mrs. Prost. Does that conclude your statement?

Miss SAWYER. Yes, except that I would like to submit for the record my own personal statement on this subject. I would like to have it in the record, if that is permissible, although I realize I could not change the minds of people who are against the legislation.

(The supplemental statement of Miss Sawyer follows:)

STATEMENT OF MISS LUELLA K. SAWYER RE WILDERNESS BILL HEARING,
SACRAMENTO, CALIF.

Ladies and gentlemen, my name is Luella K. Sawyer. I edit two magazines both of which are devoted to conservation issues. My home is in Mill Valley, Calif. This is my second appearance in person to urge passage of wilderness legislation. The first was at a San Francisco hearing conducted by the late Senators James E. Murray of Montana and Richard L. Neuberger of Oregon. In the vicinity of the place where I live are a number of California State parks and one national monument. The latter, Muir Woods National Monument, a grove of giant redwoods (Sequoia Sempervirens) is host weekly to crowds numbering figures above 4,000. The latter on weekends only. State parks immediately adjacent or reached by an hour to approximately 3 hours drive from Mill Valley are similarly crowded. In fact they are so crowded that stays are limited for overnight camping and in some the park superintendents lack enough available picnic areas to suit the demand. San Francisco's Golden Gate Park on a sunny weekend is one slowly moving traffic jam of cars. Their occupants are seeking a parking place within distance of a site for their picnic hampers.

There are no developed county parks in Marin but two sites are now being slowly readied as funds allow. In the west side of the county is the Point Reyes Peninsula whose ranch lands and open spaces have "keep out" and "private property" signs posted. There is access to the shore on McClure's Beach which we hope will eventually become part of the Point Reyes National Seashore Recreational Area. At Drake's Bay beach subdividers are running a joyous race with bulldozers as they make roads hoping to outwit the National Park Service who surveyed the area a quarter of a century ago and recommended its shores and bays, marshlands and wooded hills as a national park site. Up the California coastline a few miles a vast powerplant is planned by private enterprise. The Pacific Gas & Electric Co. has big plans for Bodega Bay, one of the beauty spots of the coast.

Just beyond Bodega, the Sonoma Coast State Park approaches are rapidly becoming disfigured by a series of small houses on small lots facing the rocky shores. Still another few miles up the line above historic Fort Ross State

Park, more land is being developed for those who "want to get away from it all" and have the money required for building sites on the spectacular headlands. South of me, beyond the Golden Gate, the hills, fields of green and gold outside the city limits of San Francisco as recently as 15 years ago, are now smothered in concrete; row upon row of homes march over the contoured land in cookielike precision. There are shopping centers and supermarkets to service and serve the occupants. East of here is a large open space with thousands of occupants who dwell side by side in very small spaces. They are the dead and these are cemeteries. South again and down the coast are the San Mateo County parks. They are also crowded with visitors.

East of me, but 6 or 7 hours' driving time, are the Sierra Nevada peaks. It just happens that much of the area there is familiar to me. I know many of the high passes, the satisfaction of standing atop a 13,000- or 14,000-foot mountain reached after hours of hiking, not driving. I know the desert at sunrise with a coyote disappearing into the brush * * * the desert in its heat of the day and again at night with the dry, intense cold. The stars of Death Valley, crystal clear, far from city lights, the depths of the Grand Canyon to which I have walked, not ridden on the trail, all these are quite familiar to me. I prowled the cliffs of Mesa Verde, walked the sands of the Great Sand Dunes, have run the rapids in Dinosaur where the Green and Yampa Rivers join and go on to become part of the Colorado. In the North Cascades are glaciers on which I walked (albeit cautiously), dark wooded forest trails from which the sun was barely discernible through the trees. High places in the back country of Glacier National Park and the wildlife there have been part of my life because I walked these trails. Looking into the rain mists of the Olympics, watching a sun sink westward over Puget Sound are happy memories. Sitting out a mountain storm in the Selway-Bitterroot country of Idaho or on a peak in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming have been my good fortune. And there was wilderness, miles of it, in all directions.

So much for what has been mine. But what of those who come after? What will there be for them?

Subdivisions are crawling up toward the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from the wide San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys. The deserts are filling with jackrabbit homesteads, subdivisions, or used as targets for military tests. Underwater wilderness is violated by enthusiastic bands of Scuba clubs (selfcontained underwater breathing apparatus).

Under the guise of multiple use, lumbermen and miners have disregarded all ethics of decency in cleanup in their haste to down trees and draw ore. Denuded hillsides subject to erosion and tons of rusted machinery are left with no thought of appearances. The picture on the front cover of the attached Western Outdoor Quarterly, fall issue for 1961, is a minor example of such practices. An assistant superintendent in a national park in relating cleanup efforts on land for a park addition cited another example. He said that tons of ancient steel, rusted and no longer useful, left on this park addition, was thrown down the mine shafts. These were once working mines on this same land. There was no other way of disposal.

These same groups, lumber, mineral, and grazing interests, want to hold and use more land. At the same time they thunder out against conservationists whom they term "the lockup group serving the interests of a few bird watchers.” In the name of progress, such commercial organizations, private and public, have used up in the past two decades much of our wilderness country.

The wilderness bill can save land still open which are areas already in Federal hands, preserving both its use and its wilderness look. These are in park, forest, or wildlife refuges and ranges. No "grabbing" of more open space as has been charged, is made and further misrepresentations that the wilderness bill is not necessary because the outdoor recreation resources review serves the same purpose is also wrong. ORRRC is merely a reviewing committee. While engaged in their work, that of a survey of open spaces now available, such land can go by the simple stroke of a bureaucratic pen.

National forest areas

The wilderness bill does not close areas to miners. now open to mining that are included in wild lands will still be subject to prospecting and may be opened to mine if the President determines that this is in the public interest. The bill designates areas suitable for inclusion in the wilderness system but requires a review of these before they are withdrawn. Certain already established practices such as motorboating or aircraft use are permitted. The bill, in its writing also recognizes that an increasing popula

tion, accompanied by expanding settlement and growing mechanization, is destined to modify and occupy all areas except those set aside for preservation so it establishes a congressional policy for protecting certain federally owned areas in a National Wilderness System. It would insure for everyone the perpetuation of places where human enjoyment, the freedom of choosing to know the primeval for themselves.

When the wilderness bill becomes law through the efforts of this committee, you may know you acted wisely and in good faith.

Thank you for your consideration.

Mrs. PrOST. Our next witness is Jerry Lausmann.

And will Mr. Ross please come forward.

You may proceed, Mr. Lausmann.

Mr. LAUSMANN. Before I get into my presentation, Madam Chairman, may I present the statement of L. A. Nelson of Portland, Oreg.. for the record?

Mrs. ProST. Yes. Without objection it will be accepted for the

record.

(The statement follows:)

STATEMENT OF L. A. NELSON ON AMENDMENTS FOR SENATE BILL 174, REVISED

INTRODUCTION

My name is L. A. Nelson, of 7665 Southwest Copel Street, Portland, Oreg. For a period of years I have camped and explored in the mountains of Oregon and Washington, and am therefore familiar with the wilderness areas and speak with knowledge based on use and appropriation of wilderness.

Need for revision of wilderness bill S. 174, revised

An analysis of revised S. 174 developed the need for further revision in subject matter and titles to realize the objective in and understanding of preservation of wilderness and wilderness legislation.

The objective of bill S. 174 as contained in the first paragraph is to establish a "National Wilderness Preservation System" for the permanent good of the whole people, and for other reasons.

This indicates that the objective is to establish a "system," as the emphasis is on "system" and not on the actual objective, "wilderness."

Amendment suggested:

A bill to establish national wilderness for the preservation of wilderness for the permanent good of the whole people and for other purposes.

The title "National Wilderness" coincides with the titles of the various Federal areas in the bill :

National wilderness.

National forests.

National parks.

National wildlife refuges and game ranges.

Section 1: Amended to read: "National wilderness established."

Section 2(a): Amend "National Wilderness Preservation System" in the third sentence to read "National Wilderness."

Instead of citing each place in the bill for amendment, the following should apply:

Where "National Wilderness Preservation System" appears, change to "National Wilderness."

Where "system" occurs, eliminate the word.

Section 2(b)-Definition of wilderness: This definition is a high-sounding dissertation, difficult to follow as to objective. The following is offered as an amendment to section 2(b):

Definition of wilderness

Section 2(b): Wilderness is primeval and essentially scenic, an area of solitude, serenity, and inspiration, a contrast of natural features and phenomena typical of their environment. Physiographically, wilderness is an area of mountains and valleys, streams and lakes, alpine forests, meadows and vegetative cover, desert or seashore.

The objective principle of wilderness preservation is the economy of use under a comprehensive plan of management devoted to the service and benefit of the people and in keeping the wilderness in an unspoiled and unimpaired condition for use by present and future generations.

The benefits of recreational activities in the use of wilderness are physical and mental well-being, health, enjoyment, and inspirational appreciation of experiences of the user, derived from hiking, climbing, camping, and exploration in the serenity of primitive wilderness.

The educational use of wilderness is in the knowledge and understanding of natural features and phenomena derived by study and research in botany, geology, biology, ecology, etc.; in the natural laboratory of wilderness.

S. 174 revised is an improvement over previous bills, but nevertheless in classification of wilderness in a meaningful and logical presentation of national forest, national parks, national wildlife refuges, and game ranges wilderness, a discussion of classifications, their similarity and differences should add to a clearer concept of each and their place in national wilderness.

National forests

National forest areas in the bill are of four classifications: wilderness, wild, canoe, and primitive; all included as of wilderness value. This is erroneous, as "primitive" is not defined as "wilderness" anywhere in the bill, or by the Forest Service.

Wilderness, wild, and canoe areas are classified by the Forest Service as of paramount wilderness value. Primitive areas have not been classified as wilder

ness, wild, or canoe.

Section 3(a) should be amended to read:

"The national wilderness (hereafter referred to in this Act as the wilderness) shall comprise (subject to existing private rights) such federally owned areas as are established as part of such national wilderness under the provisions of this Act."

National forest areas

Section 3 (b) (1): Amended to read:

"The national wilderness shall include all areas within the national forests classified on the effective date of this Act by the Secretary of Agriculture or the Chief of the Forest Service as wilderness, wild, or canoe."

Section 3(b)(1): Eliminate from the end of the first sentence in S. 174, to end of section, and substitute the following:

"PRIMITIVE AREAS

"Areas in national forests designated as primitive areas have not been inventoried as to type or kind of resources within a primitive area. These areas are subject to study and classification prescribed in Forest Service regulations to determine the use or uses of the area as developed by the study, whether wilderness is or is not the paramount resource, and if there are other resources. "Primitive areas, therefore, cannot logically be included in the wilderness bill as wilderness as they have not been so classified. However, a discussion of primitive areas as a potential source of wilderness areas and the necessary procedure in the study to determine the type and kind of resources in primitive areas should clarify the complicated, rather vague presentation of primitive areas contained in S. 174 revised. This type of procedure is similar to that in the national wildlife refuges and game ranges section of S. 174 wherein these areas have not been inventoried and are not classified, but subject to classification of such portions as the Secretary of the Interior may recommend for incorporation in the national wilderness to the President.

"National park procedure is similar except that areas classified as wilderness must contain 5,000 acres or more.

"To correct the inconsistency of procedure between primitive areas in the national forests and national wildlife refuges of the Interior Department, it is necessary to separate national forest areas into two divisions."

Section 3(b) (1): Wilderness, wild, and canoe in one section as wilderness at the date of enactment of the bill.

Section 3(bb): Primitive areas to have a definite procedure in description of the term and the regulations of the Forest Service leading up to the classifications and allocation to the use or uses developed by the study of each primitive

area.

The objective of the study is :

Section 3 (bb) (a): To determine the use classification of such portions of each primitive area that is predominantly of wilderness value and suitable for inclusion in national wilderness.

Section 3 (bb) (b): To determine the classification of such portions of each primitive area not suitable for inclusion in national wilderness.

Following the completion of the study and classification of a primitive area as provided in (bb) (a), the Chief of the Forest Service shall submit the findings to the Secretary of Agriculture for review.

Following the enactment of this act the Secretary of Agriculture shall, within 10 years, review, in accordance with paragraph C, section 251.20 of the Code of Federal Regulations, title 36, effective January 1, 1959, the suitability of each area classified under section 3 (b) (1) and section 3 (bb) (a) in the national forests for preservation as wilderness and shall report his findings to the President.

Before the convening of Congress each year the President shall advise the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives of his recommendations with respect to the inclusion within the national wilderness or exclusion therefrom, of each area on which review has been completed in the previous year, together with maps, and definitions of boundaries.

Amend section 3 (f) to read:

"SEC. 3. (f) Any recommendation of the President made in accordance with the provisions of this section shall take effect upon the day following the adjournment sine die of the first complete session of the Congress following the date or dates on which recommendation was received by the United States Senate and House of Representatives; but only if prior to such adjournment, the Congress approves a concurrent resolution declaring that it is in favor of such recommendation."

Mrs. PrOST. Now you may proceed with your own statement, Mr. Lausmann.

STATEMENT OF JERRY LAUSMANN, MANAGER, KOGAP LUMBER CO., MEDFORD, OREG.

Mr. LAUSMANN. My name is Jerry S. Lausmann. I reside in Medford, Oreg. I am the president of Kogap Lumber Industries, and a member of the board of directors of the Sierra Cascade Logging Conference, who I represent at the hearing.

The Sierra Cascade Logging Conference encompasses all the timbered areas of southern Oregon, Nevada, and California, except the coastal redwood region. Membership of the conference includes 350 representatives of all major forest products manufacturers, logging contractors, timberland owners, and forest consultant firms, 245 timber associate registrations and representatives such as State and Federal foresters, Forest Product Trade Press, Western Pine Association, California Forest Protective Association, Southern Oregon Conservation and Tree Farm Association, and students from Oregon and California colleges.

Also included in membership are more than 200 equipment dealers. It is impossible to tally accurately the thousands of people gainfully employed in these industries represented. The Sierra Cascade Conference is, in fact, the one body truly representing all segments of the forest industry in an area which produces one-fifieth of the Nation's lumber, and reflects the will of the majority of people living in, and deriving their livelihood from, this timber growing and harvesting

area.

First of all, let us state that we are opposed to S. 174. We are, however, not opposed to the individual dedication of specific areas of national parks or national forests for wilderness areas.