Spatial Models of Parliamentary VotingCambridge University Press, 2005 M04 11 This book presents a simple geometric model of voting as a tool to analyze parliamentary roll call data. Each legislator is represented by one point and each roll call is represented by two points that correspond to the policy consequences of voting Yea or Nay. On every roll call each legislator votes for the closer outcome point, at least probabilistically. These points form a spatial map that summarizes the roll calls. In this sense a spatial map is much like a road map because it visually depicts the political world of a legislature. The closeness of two legislators on the map shows how similar their voting records are, and the distribution of legislators shows what the dimensions are. These maps can be used to study a wide variety of topics including how political parties evolve over time, the existence of sophisticated voting and how an executive influences legislative outcomes. |
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Results 1-5 of 28
Page xi
... Distribution of Majority Margins , 1st to 107th U.S. Houses 6.3 Correlations Between Margins Scaling and Regular DW ... Normal and quadratic utility functions . 10 20 2.2 Perfect spatial voting in one dimension . 21 2.3 Recovering the ...
... Distribution of Majority Margins , 1st to 107th U.S. Houses 6.3 Correlations Between Margins Scaling and Regular DW ... Normal and quadratic utility functions . 10 20 2.2 Perfect spatial voting in one dimension . 21 2.3 Recovering the ...
Page xii
... normal distribution deterministic utility function . 97 4.4 90th U.S. Senate from Bayesian QN . 122 4.5 90th U.S. Senate from bootstrapped QN . 126 5.1 90th U.S. Senate Torgerson coordinates . 137 5.2 90th U.S. Senate common - space ...
... normal distribution deterministic utility function . 97 4.4 90th U.S. Senate from Bayesian QN . 122 4.5 90th U.S. Senate from bootstrapped QN . 126 5.1 90th U.S. Senate Torgerson coordinates . 137 5.2 90th U.S. Senate common - space ...
Page 5
... the cutting line are estimates from the DW - NOMINATE model , with a linear time trend in legislator positions . The second dimension is shown unweighted for purposes of clarity . Utility 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 T T Normal Distribution 5.
... the cutting line are estimates from the DW - NOMINATE model , with a linear time trend in legislator positions . The second dimension is shown unweighted for purposes of clarity . Utility 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 T T Normal Distribution 5.
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Contents
1 | |
2 | |
4 | |
The 1964 Civil Rights Act | 14 |
A Road Map to the Rest of This Book | 15 |
The Geometry of Parliamentary Roll Call Voting | 18 |
The Geometry in One Dimension | 19 |
The Geometry in More than One Dimension | 30 |
Statistical Issues | 113 |
Conclusion | 126 |
Practical Issues in Computing Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting | 128 |
Standardized Measures of Fit | 129 |
How to Get Reasonable Starting Values for the Legislator Ideal Points | 130 |
How Many Dimensions Should I Estimate? | 141 |
The Problem of Constraints | 155 |
Computing Made Easy Some Simple Tricks to Make Estimation Tractable | 159 |
The Relationship to the Geometry of Probit and Logit | 37 |
Conclusion | 41 |
The Optimal Classification Method | 46 |
The OneDimensional Maximum Classification Scaling Problem The Janice Algorithm | 49 |
The Multidimensional Maximum Classification Scaling Problem | 60 |
Overall OC Algorithm | 82 |
Conclusion | 85 |
Appendix | 86 |
Probabilistic Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting | 88 |
The Deterministic Portion of the Utility Function | 89 |
The Stochastic Portion of the Utility Function | 97 |
Estimation of Probabilistic Spatial Voting Models | 101 |
Conclusion | 160 |
Conducting Natural Experiments with Roll Calls | 162 |
MultipleIndividuals Experiments | 163 |
LargeScale Experiments Using DWNOMINATE | 172 |
Estimating a Common Spatial Map for Two Different Legislatures | 187 |
Conclusion | 195 |
Conclusion | 197 |
Unsolved Problems | 202 |
Conclusion | 209 |
References | 211 |
Index | 225 |
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Common terms and phrases
90th U.S. Senate agreement score matrix analyze APRE Bayesian chambers Chapter choice classification error columns configuration constraint correct classification correctly classified corresponding cutting lines cutting plane cutting plane procedure Democrats diagonal DW-NOMINATE eigenvalues eigenvector equation estimated example geometry Hinich hypersphere issues Janice algorithm legislator ideal points legislator points legislator votes legislature Liberal-Conservative likelihood function logit maximum Multidimensional Scaling normal distribution normal vector normal vector line number of cutting number of legislators one-dimensional optimal classification percent perfect voting Political Science polytopes Poole and Rosenthal probabilistic problem produces rank ordering Rational Choice Theory roll call cutting roll call data roll call matrices roll call voting rows second dimension shown in Figure shows simple space spatial map spatial model spatial theory spatial voting squared distances two-dimensional U.S. Congress U.S. House U.S. Senate unit hypersphere utility function utility model vote Nay voters votes Yea Yea and Nay
Popular passages
Page 204 - As long as the reason of man continues fallible and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other, and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves.
Page 6 - We are confronted primarily with a moral issue. It is as old as the Scriptures and is as clear as the American Constitution. The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights and equal opportunities; whether we are going to treat our fellow Americans as we want to be treated.
Page 6 - The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights and equal opportunities, whether we are going to treat our fellow Americans as we want to be treated. If an American, because his skin is dark, cannot eat lunch in a restaurant open to the public, if he cannot send his children to the best public school available, if he cannot vote for the public officials who represent him, if, in short, he cannot enjoy the full and free life which all of us want, then who among us...
Page 12 - We define a belief system as a configuration of ideas and attitudes in which the elements are bound together by some form of constraint or functional interdependence.
Page 13 - Under certain appropriate circumstances, the single word "conservative" used to describe a piece of proposed legislation can convey a tremendous amount of more specific information about the bill — who probably proposed it and toward what ends, who is likely to resist it. its chances of passage, its longterm social consequences, and, most important, how the actor himself should expect to evaluate it if he were to expend further energy to look into its details. The circumstances under which such...
Page 15 - separate but equal" facilities was invalid and that segregation necessarily meant inequality. Finally, with the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and the 1968 Fair Housing Act, all de jure segregation was declared unlawful.
Page 16 - In practice, science is the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.
Page 6 - South is defined as the 1 1 states of the Confederacy plus Kentucky and Oklahoma.
Page 12 - ... limitations. At the same time, our substantive concern forces upon us an unusual concern with measurement strategies, not simply because we propose to deal with belief systems or ideologies, but also because of the specific questions that we shall raise about them. Our focus in this article is upon differences in the nature of belief systems held on the one hand by elite political actors and, on the other, by the masses that appear to be "numbered" within the spheres of influence of these belief...