Law and Economics of International Climate Change PolicySpringer Science & Business Media, 2001 M06 30 - 146 pages International climate change policy can be broadly divided into two periods: A first period, where a broad consensus was reached to tackle the risk of global warming in a coordinated global effort, and a second period, where this consensus was finally framed into a concrete policy. The first period started at the "Earth Summit" of Rio de Janeiro in 1992, where the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was opened for signature. The UNFCCC was subsequently signed and ratified by 174 countries, making it one of the most accepted international rd treaties ever. The second period was initiated at the 3 Conference of the Parties (COP3) to the UNFCCC in Kyoto in 1997, which produced the Kyoto Protocol (KP). Till now, eighty-four countries have signed the Kyoto Protocol, but only twelve ratified it. A major reason for this slow ratification is that most operational details of the Kyoto Protocol were not decided in Kyoto but deferred to following conferences. This deferral of the details, while probably appropriate to initially reach an agreement, is a major stepping stone for a speedy ratification of the protocol. National policy makers and their constituencies, who would ultimately bear the cost of Kyoto, are generally not prepared to ratify a treaty that could mean anything, from an unsustainable strict regime of international control of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to an "L-regime" ofloopholes, or from a pure market-based international carbon trading to a regime of huge international carbon tax funds. |
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction | 1 |
Hot Air in International Emission Trading How Much and How to Respond? | 7 |
2 WHAT IS HOT AIR? | 8 |
3 HOW MUCH HOT AIR EXISTS IN THE FIRST COMMITMENT PERIOD? | 9 |
4 POLICIES TO ADDRESS HOT AIR | 11 |
5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EU CAPPING PROPOSAL | 16 |
6 CONCLUSION | 18 |
Accounting of Biological Sources and Sinks Legal and Economic Considerations | 21 |
5 THE COM FORESTSECURED ESCROW ACCOUNT | 65 |
6 CONCLUSION | 69 |
Increasing the Acceptability of CDM Forestry Through Bundling of Bioenergy and Forest Conservation | 75 |
2 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PERSPECTIVE | 77 |
3 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES PERSPECTIVE | 79 |
4 SYNERGIES BETWEEN BIOENERGY AND FOREST CONSERVATION | 81 |
5 CONCLUSION | 85 |
Activities Implemented Jointly An Empirical Analysis | 89 |
2 CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY AND FORESTS | 23 |
3 CAN CARBON ACCOUNTING HELP SAVE TROPICAL FORESTS? | 26 |
4 BIOLOGICAL SOURCES AND SINKS UNDER THE KYOTO PROTOCOL | 28 |
411 Article 33 | 29 |
412 Article 34 | 30 |
413 Article 37 and the grossnet problem | 31 |
42 Accounting of international LUCF activities | 35 |
421 Leakage and the need for national accounting | 36 |
422 Baseline inflation | 37 |
43 Deforestation for reforestation? | 38 |
5 EXPERIENCES WITH AIJ FORESTRY IN COSTA RICA | 40 |
6 CONCLUSION | 44 |
The Longterm Requirement for CDM Forestry and Economic Liability | 55 |
2 THE LONGTERM REQUIREMENT OF THE CDM | 58 |
3 BASIC TYPES OF ECONOMIC LIABILITY CONTRACTS | 59 |
4 THE EFFICIENCY ADVANTAGE OF SELLER LIABILITY | 63 |
2 THE DATA | 90 |
3 THE TIMING OF AIJ | 91 |
4 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIJ | 92 |
5 DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITY TYPES | 96 |
6 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN AIJ | 100 |
7 ON THE BASELINE | 102 |
8 COST OF AIJ | 105 |
9 SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS | 107 |
Beyond COP6 The Need for Extended Flexibility | 117 |
2 THE ROAD TO COP6 | 118 |
3 THE DISCUSSIONS AT COP6 | 121 |
4 THE ISSUE OF ADDITIONAL SINKS | 124 |
5 LESSONS FROM COP6 | 128 |
Summary and Conclusion | 133 |
Terms and Abbreviations | 137 |
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
accounting of biological Activities Implemented Jointly afforestation AIJ projects Annex I countries Article 3.4 assigned amounts baseline bioenergy biological sources buyer liability Carbon Sequestered carbon uptake CDM forestry CDM projects CERS Clean Development Mechanism Climate Change Climate Change UNFCCC commitment period contract benefits Convention on Climate COP6 Costa Rica credits deforestation demand cap developing countries domestic economic liability ecosystem EITs emission reductions emissions trading environmental escrow Estonia Sweden Figure forestry projects funding gases GHG reduced greenhouse gas host country hot air I-countries increase International IPCC ISBN issues Japan Joint Implementation Kyoto mechanisms Kyoto Protocol Kyoto target Land Use Change Latvia Sweden long-term requirement LUCF LUCF-net mitigation MtC/yr national AIJ programs Nations Framework Convention negotiators Non-Annex I countries parties pilot phase political potential problem proposal ratification Reimund Schwarze Russia sources and sinks tropical forest conservation U.S. Senate Ukraine UNFCCC United Nations Framework verification