Treats analytically the problem of design of large shear walls made up of individual panels. Contrasts behavior with monolithically cast shear walls and outlines proper requirements for detailing such shear walls comprised of large panels. 45. Faulty Girder Connection Blamed in Motel Collapse, Engineering News-Record, December 8, 1966, p. 17. A slipped welded connection plate was blamed for a structural failure that set off a five-story reaction at a motel in New Orleans. The connection plate joined a second floor girder to an interior column. Loss of this column set off a chain reaction in upper stories causing 25 percent of the building's interior to settle between 8 and 14 in. The structure was approximately 2 years old. 46. Feld, J., Reshoring of Concrete Buildings, Engi neering News-Record, October 6, 1966, p. 33. Faster progress schedules in construction of tall concrete buildings require a careful analysis of formwork requirements, especially the reshoring of floors after forms are removed for reuse. This article outlines a procedure for determining the number of floors that require reshoring assuming that a completed and cured floor can carry 1.33 times its final design load as an interim construction load. 47. Four Groups Investigate Collapse, Engineering News-Record, April 7, 1966, p. 72. The collapse of three floors of a 12-story flat plate reinforced concrete building under construction in Ottawa occurred one day after the concreting of the fourth floor. Portions of the third floor, which supported the shoring for the recently concreted fourth floor, had apparently not been reshored. Four Canadian government agencies are investigating the collapse in which several bays approximately a block long sheared away from columns which were left standing (see 41). 48. Gusting Wind Fells Steel Frame, Engineering News-Record, June 9, 1966, p. 18. One hundred eighty tons of structural steel collapsed like a house of cards when winds gusting to 50 miles per hour hit the Pittsburgh area on May 28. The damage extended to four stories of partially erected structural steel in part of Duquesne University's new science building under construction. The construction was guyed and bolts had been inserted in every connection but connections had not been completed. 49. Ice and Snow End Curling Match. Engineering News-Record, Feb. 24, 1966, p. 17. Snow and ice totaling an estimated 64 paf collapsed the timber-framed roof of a curling rink in Sweden. This was probably over three times the design load of 20 paf. Seven of the structure's ten 15 ft bays collapsed. 50. Lewicki, B., Building with Large Prefabricates, American Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, N. Y., 1966. A design oriented text treating design, detailing, and construction of structures made from assembles of large concrete panels. De tailed treatment of joint design with examples. Based largely on Russian and Eastern European practice, a considerable variety of test results and practical experiences are included. Does not specifically refer to design for progressive collapse and can be taken as a representative sample of Eastern bloc design procedures prior to the Ronan Point occurrance. 51. Marchand, P. E., Report of the Canadian Technical Mission of Prefabricated Concrete Components in Industrialized Buildings in Europe, September 2-22, 1966, Department of Indus try, Materials Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 1966. The introduction of industrialized building systems and techniques has brought about new contractural and working relationships between clients, architects, manufacturers and builders. It has also given added importance to the rational organization of work on the building site. In Europe industrialized building has achieved greater productivity-in terms of the value of building per man hour worked-and greater speed of erection than traditional building methods. In this report several European systems and techniques are discussed in detail, and some indications are given of possible future trends in the development of industrialized buildings in Canada. 52. Natural Gas Pipelines Safe Enough? FPC Has Doubts, Engineering News-Record, June 23, 1966, pp. 20-21. The Federal Power Commission wants the authority to set federal safety standards for the 150,000 mile interstate network of natural gas pipelines. In its report to the Senate Commerce Committee, the FPC noted that "... "... the maximum credible single accident possibility for a transmission line failure is high, possibly higher than that for railroad, motor car or air transportation." It also pointed out that 28 percent of pipeline failures was caused by damage from earth moving equipment. 53. Porl, M. K. (Translator), Common Directives for the Agrément of Building Systems with Large and Heavy Prefabricated Panels (Directives commones pour l'agrément des procédés 35. Ostenfeld, C., Ship Collisions Against Bridge Piers, Publications of the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineers, Vol. 25, 1965, pp. 233–277. ex In recent years characteristic features of shipping have been steadily increasing traffic and a very conspicuous increase of the tonnage of the ships. As a consequence, the risk of ships colliding with bridge piers has increased, and, considering that only a very small number of the existing bridge piers possess masses ceeding the mass of the very large ships built in present days, it is obvious that the consequences to a bridge exposed to a collision of this nature may have the character of a catastrophe. Details of a number of case histories relating to the collision of ships with bridge piers, etc., detailed calculations of the collision of a ship with a lighthouse, an analysis of the effects on a bridge pier of impact produced by a ship, and some preliminary conclusions for use in design are included. 36. Precast Girder Collapse Kills Two, Engineering News-Record, May 13, 1965, p. 29. Undermining of an interior column triggered the collapse of 20,000 ft2 of precast concrete roof framing of a one-story building in Atlanta. The precast double T-sections sat on neoprene bearing pads and were alternating cantilevers with projected bearing to support interior gir. ders. 37. Seven Die in Collapse of Italian Apartment, Engineering News-Record, May 20, 1965, p. 24. Seven workmen were killed when one wing of an eight-story apartment building collapsed on the Italian Riviera. Construction was nearly completed on the reinforced concrete L-shaped structure when it crumbled into a pile of ruins. 38. Stanger, R. H. H., Loading Tests of Insitu Joints as Used in the Wates System, Test Reports, Ove Arup and Partners, London, October 1965. Tests on various joints of the Wates building system to determine their resistance to shear loads are reported. 39. Supermarket Roof Falls on Shoppers, Engineering News-Record, May 27, 1965, p. 59. The truss-supported roof of an old supermarket building in Brooklyn, suddenly collapsed, dropping tons of concrete and steel on the patrons below. It was basically a one-story structure, with mezzanine offices at the front and back of the building. Examining the trusses, building officials discovered severe corrosion in the encased bottom chord of at least one truss. A tensile failure of one truss probably triggered the collapse. The trusses were inter connected with bracing and failure of one would cause twisting of neighboring trusses. 1966 40. Birkeland, P. W., and Birkeland, H. W., Connections in Precast Concrete Construction, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 63, No. 3, March 1966, pp. 345-367. Requirements for connections in precast concrete buildings are discussed and examples from completed structures where these requirements have been met are given. A time-proven hypothesis explaining shear behavior at concrete to steel and concrete-to-concrete interfaces is presented. Examples illustrate beam-to-column connections using this hypothesis. Suggestions for further study are outlined. 41. Collapse Verdict, Engineering News-Record, May 5, 1966, p. 11. Premature stripping of forms, coupled with an overload of reinforcing steel on a recently concreted floor above, was cited by structural engineer Ernest Butts as the cause of the collapse of a reinforced concrete building under construction in Ottawa (see 47). 42. Collapses, Failures Take Heavy Toll, Engineering News-Record, May 19, 1966, pp. 30-31. The article discusses major failures occurring recently involving a formwork failure, a steel erection collapse, a roof collapse and a floor collapse. Particularly interesting is a collapse occurring in Athens during an expansion of a paper mill. A 4,500 ft2 section of wet concrete suddenly collapsed, raining 200 tons of wet concrete and reinforcing steel on the first floor slab, 29 ft below. Designed to carry heavy papermaking machinery, the first floor slab held under the impact. 43. Crane Pulled Roof Dome Down, Engineering News-Record, November 17, 1966, p. 66. A 300 ft diameter dome had 15 of 24 radial, trussed steel ribs in place when it collapsed in Jamaica. Premature removal of temporary falsework supporting the central compression ring was one unofficial explanation offered at the time. But some engineering detective work later showed that a crane boom had brushed against one of the ribs just prior to the accident causing the collapse. 44. Cziesielski, E., Berechnung Von Wanden Des Gross-Tafelbaues Die Aus Mehreren Einzelwanden Zu Einer Grossen Wandscheibe Zusammengeschlossen Werden (Computations for Large Panel Walls Consisting of Individual Wall Elements Connected into a Large Shear Wall.) Die Bautechnik, March 1966, p. 73. Treats analytically the problem of design of large shear walls made up of individual panels. Contrasts behavior with monolithically cast shear walls and outlines proper requirements for detailing such shear walls comprised of large panels. 45. Faulty Girder Connection Blamed in Motel Collapse, Engineering News-Record, December 8, 1966, p. 17. A slipped welded connection plate was blamed for a structural failure that set off a five-story reaction at a motel in New Orleans. The connection plate joined a second floor girder to an interior column. Loss of this column set off a chain reaction in upper stories causing 25 percent of the building's interior to settle between 8 and 14 in. The structure was approxi mately 2 years old. 46. Feld, J., Reshoring of Concrete Buildings, Engi neering News-Record, October 6, 1966, p. 33. Faster progress schedules in construction of tall concrete buildings require a careful analysis of formwork requirements, especially the reshoring of floors after forms are removed for reuse. This article outlines a procedure for determining the number of floors that require reshoring assuming that a completed and cured floor can carry 1.33 times its final design load as an interim construction load. 47. Four Groups Investigate Collapse, Engineering News-Record, April 7, 1966, p. 72. The collapse of three floors of a 12-story flat plate reinforced concrete building under construction in Ottawa occurred one day after the concreting of the fourth floor. Portions of the third floor, which supported the shoring for the recently concreted fourth floor, had apparently not been reshored. Four Canadian government agencies are investigating the collapse in which several bays approximately a block long sheared away from columns which were left standing (see 41). 48. Gusting Wind Fells Steel Frame, Engineering News-Record, June 9, 1966, p. 18. One hundred eighty tons of structural steel collapsed like a house of cards when winds. gusting to 50 miles per hour hit the Pittsburgh area on May 28. The damage extended to four stories of partially erected structural steel in part of Duquesne University's new science building under construction. The construction was guyed and bolts had been inserted in every connection but connections had not been completed. 49. Ice and Snow End Curling Match, Engineering News-Record, Feb. 24, 1966, p. 17. Snow and ice totaling an estimated 64 paf collapsed the timber-framed roof of a curling rink in Sweden. This was probably over three times the design load of 20 paf. Seven of the structure's ten 15 ft bays collapsed. 50. Lewicki, B., Building with Large Prefabricates, American Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, N. Y., 1966. A design oriented text treating design, detailing, and construction of structures made from assembles of large concrete panels. De tailed treatment of joint design with examples. Based largely on Russian and Eastern European practice, a considerable variety of test results and practical experiences are included. Does not specifically refer to design for progressive collapse and can be taken as a representative sample of Eastern bloc design procedures prior to the Ronan Point occurrance. 51. Marchand, P. E., Report of the Canadian Technical Mission of Prefabricated Concrete Components in Industrialized Buildings in Europe, September 2-22, 1966, Department of Indus try, Materials Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 1966. The introduction of industrialized building systems and techniques has brought about new contractural and working relationships between clients, architects, manufacturers and builders. It has also given added importance to the rational organization of work on the building site. In Europe industrialized building has achieved greater productivity-in terms of the value of building per man hour worked-and greater speed of erection than traditional building methods. In this report several European systems and techniques are discussed in detail, and some indications are given of possible future trends in the development of industrialized buildings in Canada. 52. Natural Gas Pipelines Safe Enough? FPC Has Doubts, Engineering News-Record, June 23, 1966, pp. 20-21. The Federal Power Commission wants the authority to set federal safety standards for the 150,000 mile interstate network of natural gas pipelines. In its report to the Senate Commerce Committee, the FPC noted that "... the maximum credible single accident possibility for a transmission line failure is high, possibly higher than that for railroad, motor car or air transportation." It also pointed out that 28 percent of pipeline failures was caused by damage from earth moving equipment. 53. Porl, M. K. (Translator), Common Directives for the Agrément of Building Systems with Large and Heavy Prefabricated Panels (Directives commones pour l'agrément des procédés de construction par grands panneaux lourds préfabriqués), Union Européene Pour l'Agré ment Techniques Dans La Construction, Liv. raison 80, June 1966. Detailed requirements for structural safety, stability, hability, and durability of large panel structures of precast concrete for international acceptance under the agrement system. Contains standards for joint and tie beam design as well as overall stability. Contains both performance requirements and outlines of acceptable tests and calculation procedures for meeting standards. 54. Quadruple Floor Overload Blamed in Building Failure, Engineering News-Record, February 3, 1966, p. 17. Overloading was blamed for the floor failure of a factory building which triggered a collapse following a falling domino pattern. A section of the fifth floor gave way, dropping machinery and materials which successively caused the failure of portions of the fourth and third floors. Building officials estimated the top floor was carrying an overload four times the posted 120 psf capacity (see 56). 55. Russoff, B. B., Transportation and Erection Problems, Proceedings, Symposium on Industrialized Building and the Structural Engineer, London, 1966, pp. 117-124. The influence on structural design and detailing of transportation, handling and erection considerations for precast concrete building elements is shown by describing how construction stresses are induced in relation to the size and shape of the elements. The use of manufacturing equipment and erection cranes is described by examples. 56. Sheared Bolts Caused Collapse, Engineering NewsRecord, February 24, 1966, p. 18. Century-old 4 in diameter bolts, which connected an eccentric bracket to the cap of a cast iron column, failed at shearing stress nearly twice the ultimate shearing capacity of carbon steels manufactured during the Civil War. This was part of the New York City Building Department's analysis of the three floor progressive collapse of the 100-year-old Manhatten factory building (see 54). In addition to severe overloading, an unauthorized alteration to the antique structure contributed to the collapse. 57. Shell Roof Topples in Atlanta, Engineering NewsRecord, September 1, 1966, p. 12. The 120 ton precast concrete roof of a chapel under construction collapsed in Atlanta. Observers reported the failure of a weld in the peripheral steel tension ring that allegedly re sulted in rotation of a steel I-beam ring seg. ment about its longitudinal axis. All twelve segments fell when the tension ring connection gave way. 58. Snow, Wind Triggered Dome Collapse, Engineering News-Record, May 19, 1966, p. 31. A 170 ft diameter wood lamella dome collapsed March 3, 1966. An investigator blamed snow load and wind for the collapse and also declared that he believed the dome was improperly designed and fabricated. 59. Somerville, G., and Burhouse, P., Tests on Joints Between Precast Concrete Members, Proceedings, Symposium on Industrialized Building and the Structural Engineer, London, 1966, pp. 125-142. A well-documented review of experimental studies on joints between precast concrete members (i.e., column-column, beam-column, beam-beam joints, and joints in large-panel structures), with detailed tabulations of test results and drawings of test specimens. A bibliography lists 73 references to such studies. 60. Sports Hall Roof Collapses, Engineering NewsRecord, January 6, 1966, p. 15. Swedish authorities are investigating the collapsed. A possible cause of failure was intype of steel-reinforced, laminated wood Ibeam. One of the two brick end walls also collapsed. A posible cause of failure was insufficient bond of the reinforcing bars with laminated wood 80 ft span girders. Collapse of the brick bearing wall resulted in total collapse of all roof members. 1967 61. Arthur D. Little Inc., Public Safety and Gas Distribution, Research Report prepared for the American Gas Association, Washington, D.C., December 1967. The report defines the scope of safety prolems associated with the distribution of utility gas for the period of 1957 through 1964. It is based on a study of gas leak incidents within the gas distribution industry in which 140 companies and systems, representing 83.3 percent of all gas distribution meters in the U.S. participated. Principal findings include the number of incidents, type, location, number of fatalities and an assessment of the causes. Comparisons were made between the safety record of the gas distribution industry and that of other utility industries, railways, airlines, etc. 62. Collapse May Never Be Solved, Engineering NewsRecord, December 21, 1967, p. 69. The article reviews aspects of the collapse of the three main spans of the Point PleasantGallipolis Bridge on December 15, 1967. It was the first eyebar suspension bridge in the U.S. in which the eyebars formed the top chords of the stiffening trusses in both the main and anchor spans. The bridge design, the collapse sequence and the possible causes are also discussed. 63. Explosives and Demolitions, U.S. Department of the Army, Field Manual, FM 5-25, Washington, D. C., May 1967. Information is provided on the type, characteristics, and uses of explosives and auxiliary equipment. Preparation, placement, and firing of charges is discussed. Charge calculation formulas are provided. 64. Five Die in New York Collapse, Engineering News-Record, February 2, 1967, p. 15. Five workmen were killed when an ancient brickbearing wall building, standing on the edge of an excavation for a 40 story office tower, collapsed. Vibration caused by the power shovel work apparently caused the building to give way. The building had been a onestory blacksmith shop in the 1870's and was a four-story apartment building at the time of collapse. 65. Guide Pratique Des Installations De Gaz (Practical Guide for Gas Installations), Gas of France, et al., Paris, Joint Government decree of October 15, 1962, modified and complete March 17, 1967. Distribution of gas and detailed requirements for installation in buildings are covered. 66. Newberry, C. W., The Response of Buildings to Sonic Boom, Sound Vibration, Vol. 6, No. 3, Ministry of Public Building and Works, Building Research Station; England, 1967, pp. 406418. Some experimental observations of one excitation of building structures by sonic boom are reported. The question of coincidences between sonic boom periods (including reflections) and natural periods of building structures is particularly discussed. 67. Proposed Revision of ACI 347-63: Recommended Practice for Concrete Formwork, ACI Committee 347 (W. R. Waugh, Chairman), Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Proceedings, Vol. 64, No. 7, July 1967, pp. 337-373. Comprehensive recommendations for design. and construction of concrete formwork covering the procedures, materials and structural types with extensive discussion of construction loading effects of reshoring multi-story structures. In dicates the need for careful consideration of design parameters such as live load to dead load ratios in deciding when to strip forms. 68. Recommandations Internationales Unifices Pour Le Calcul Et L'Execution Des Constructions En Panneaux Assembles De Grand Format (Inter. national Recommendations for the Design and Construction of Large-Panel Structures), Comite Europeen du Beton, Bulletin No. 60, Paris, April 1967, English translation by C. V. Amerogen, Cement and Concrete Association, No. 137, London, July 1968. A comprehensive set of design rules with commentary for large panel structures developed by CEB in 1966. Applicable to structures with floor or wall panels and with various types of joints. Specifies design rules for individual members, joints and tie beams. Promulgated prior to Ronan Point collapse, it treats provisions for prevention of progressive collapse only indirectly. It does require substantial continuity precautions which might have mitigated Ronan Point damage. 69. Robinson, J. R., Calcul Des Constructions Par Panneaux Assembles A Joints Verticaux Elastiques Plastiques (Design of Precast Panel Structures Assembled with Elasto plastic Vertical Joints), Comite Europeen du Beton Bulletin d'Information, No. 60, April 1967, pp. 173197. Considers the effect of elastic and plastic capacity of joints on precast panel structures. Indicates the advantages of ductility in such joints and suggests procedures for insuring reasonably ductile behavior of the joints between panels. 70. Secrecy Veils Bridge Collapse, Enginering NewsRecord, December 14, 1967, p. 27. A five-span reinforced concrete beam and slab structure over a deep gorge near Mexico City collapsed, killing an estimated 30 workmen. Three central spans (72, 102, and 72 ft long) and two tall, slender piers collapsed into the gorge taking with them tons of steel tubing falsework. A commission of eight engineers is investigating the cause of the collapse. Apparently the falsework was being dismantled at the time of collapse. 71. Short, W. D., Structural Collapses During Erection or Demolition, Proceedings, Institute of Civil Engineers, London, Vol. 36, March 1967, pp. 507-522. The paper describes buildings and civil engineering structures which have collapsed in recent years during erection or demolition. These accidents were costly and often resulted |