14. How and in what kind of cases are admissions provable?

15. What are confessions, and when are they admissible?

16. With respect to what subjects are all persons privileged to refuse to testify?

17. What is the extent of the privilege in self-incriminating matters?

18. Why is it that the prosecution may introduce evidence even when an accused enters a guilty plea?

19. What is the general rule as to hearsay evidence?

20. What is the usual method of procedure followed in the trial of a case?

21. Can any inference be drawn from the exercise of the privilege of self-incrimination?

22. How is the examination of a witness conducted?

23. What is the best evidence rule?

24. How is the attendance of witnesses obtained?

25. What is the doctrine of judicial notice?

26. Who are incapable of committing crimes?

27. Is drunkenness a defense to crime?

CHAPTER 8

FIRST AID

First aid is the immediate, temporary treatment given the victim of an accident or sudden illness until the services of a medical officer can be secured. It means carrying out the procedures necessary to protect the life of the injured, to prevent further injury, and to make the victim as comfortable as possible.

GENERAL RULES

The need for a knowledge of first aid is plainly evident. Thousands of people are killed each year as a result of accidents. The rate is increasing. Much of this increase is due to automobile accidents. Fractures, wounds, burns, and scalds take their toll. Ironically enough a large number of these accidents occur at places where medical attention is not immediately available. While on foot or motor patrol, the chances are great that you will meet such emergencies. This being the case, the shore patrolman should know at all times the location of the nearest medical officer, dispensary, hospital, or first-aid station. He should know where and how to call an ambulance. When required to administer first aid to the sick or injured, the shore patrolman should do his work with the assurance that comes from knowing what to do, how to do it, and when to do it.

He should follow these general rules:

1. Be quiet and cool. Do the best job possible with the facilities at hand.

2. Send for a medical officer. Have someone keep bystanders away.

3. Keep the patient lying in a comfortable position

on a blanket or a substitute material.

4. Look for hemorrhage. TREAT THIS FIRST!

5. Find out if the patient is breathing. Loosen all clothing that might interfere with breathing. Check the mouth for loose dentures or foreign bodies. Pull the tongue forward if necessary to allow free breathing.

6. Determine the character of the pulse.

7. Treat for shock. Often when serious injuries occur, emergency treatment should consist of doing nothing more than keeping the patient comfortable, warm, and quiet.

8. Locate all injuries. If the patient is conscious, he can generally tell you where his injuries are. Remove only the clothing necessary to examine the injury. Clothing must be removed in such a way as to disturb the patient as little as possible. If necessary the outer clothing should be ripped up the seam and the under clothing torn or cut. In removing shoes cut them off when they cannot be removed otherwise without causing great pain or increasing the injury. The first-aider's job is to protect the victim from further injury as much as it is to care for him.

9. Look for symptoms of poisoning.

Poisoning is

often accompanied by chemical burns of the lips, severe pain in the stomach, and the odor of alcohol or poison on the breath.

10. If a bone is broken apply a splint before moving the patient.

11. If there is vomiting turn the patient's head to one side so that vomited material may escape easily from the mouth. This eliminates the risk of the vomitus choking the patient.

12. Prepare the patient for proper transportation.

13. Note the time and place of the accident; get the facts from bystanders as to what happened. Get the names and addresses of all witnesses.

PRECAUTIONS

When administering first aid, certain precautions should be taken. If the patient is unconscious, or semiconscious, a head injury is usually the cause; check this. Do not be hurried into moving the patient unless he is in a dangerous location. Too much moving increases shock and causes further injuries. An unconscious person should NEVER be given water or liquids. Stimulants should not be given to a patient suffering from a head injury, or if he has a strong pulse and a red face. In cases of hemorrhage no stimulants should be given until bleeding is under control. Do not give morphine to head injury cases. Morphine, while a pain depresser, sometimes results in a slowing of respiration, unconsciousness, or even death. A final precaution: do not let the injured person know the extent or seriousness of his injuries.

CONTROL OF HEMORRHAGE

HEMORRHAGE is the escape of blood from the arteries, veins, or capillaries, due to a break in their walls. Hemorrhage is serious and must be treated immediately. The patient's life may depend on speed and efficiency in arresting the hemorrhage; this must be done at the scene of the accident. Arterial bleeding is more dangerous than other types of bleeding as the rapid loss of blood, which comes in spurts, may result in immediate death.

Bleeding is stopped by the formation of a clot in the ends of the injured blood vessels. The normal time required for a clot to form is 3 to 5 minutes. (Hemophiliacs or bleeders, require more time and the bleeding is sometimes difficult to check.)

Clotting of Blood

REMEMBER! DO NOT DISTURB A CLOT WHILE CHECKING BLEEDING!

PRESSURE is the basic principle of first-aid treatment for hemorrhage. The following pressure methods are used:

1. DIRECT PRESSURE.-Most bleeding can be controlled by placing a sterile gauze pad directly over the wound and bandaging it securely in position. If necessary, pressure can be applied with the hand directly over the gauze pad until bleeding stops.

To aid in clot formation the patient should be kept at rest, lying down. Movement will stimulate the circulation of blood and cause more bleeding. Elevation of the injured member decreases the flow of blood and assists clotting.

If bleeding continues put fresh compresses over the old. Do not remove old compresses, as clotting may be disturbed. If a large artery is cut and the hemorrhage cannot be controlled by compresses, digital pressure must be used.

2. DIGITAL PRESSURE.-Digital pressure is applied by pressing the fingers over the course of the main artery supplying blood to the injured part. Pressure is applied at a point between the heart and the wound where the artery is near the surface of the skin and lies over a bone. Correct digital pressure will stop arterial bleeding, but it is temporary and tiring; when digital pressure is hard to keep and the bleeding is from one of the limbs, the tourniquet should probably be applied.

Pressure Points

The six major digital pressure points for severe arterial bleeding are:

1. THE REGION OF THE TEMPLE AND SCALP.-Apply pressure at a point just in front of the ear on the same